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151.
152.
A uniform calculus for linear logic is presented. The calculus has the form of a natural deduction system in sequent calculus style with general introduction and elimination rules. General elimination rules are motivated through an inversion principle, the dual form of which gives the general introduction rules. By restricting all the rules to their single-succedent versions, a uniform calculus for intuitionistic linear logic is obtained. The calculus encompasses both natural deduction and sequent calculus that are obtained as special instances from the uniform calculus. Other instances give all the invertibilities and partial invertibilities for the sequent calculus rules of linear logic. The calculus is normalizing and satisfies the subformula property for normal derivations. 相似文献
153.
Michael Cavanaugh 《Zygon》2002,37(2):451-456
Michael Ruse's forthcoming book gives an enjoyable history of teleology in biology, philosophy, and theology. It argues that concepts of cause, final cause, purpose, teleology, function, design, adaptation, contrivance, progress, ends, and value have all been telescoped by most writers in those three disciplines but that these concepts (and especially the concept of design) are nonetheless valid, provided only that we recognize their metaphorical nature. I agree with this basic argument, and Ruse's critiques and historical summaries of these concepts are both useful and delightful. However, I also explore one major and three minor reservations. The minor reservations are that Ruse overdoes the allegation of telescoping, does not adequately explore ways to express teleology more accurately, and erroneously denies the existence of biology–based theologians who make the same point he is making. The major reservation is that, despite all the groundwork he lays, Ruse comes to a conclusion other than the one clearly suggested by his first fourteen chapters. If he followed the evolutionary story just a bit further, to include the evolution of the human brain, he would be in a position to articulate a theologically sophisticated understanding of teleology and avoid an ending that is uncharacteristically tame. 相似文献
154.
高危型人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)感染是宫颈癌发病的必要条件,而HPV DNA与宿主基因组的整合及由此导致的E2基因断裂可能是宫颈癌致癌机制的关键。本文将从HPV感染、病毒基因组与宿主染色体整合及宫颈癌的演变历程中以哲学视角思考HPV DNA整合、E2基因缺失及宫颈癌演变的辩证关系,以期更好地解读宫颈癌发病原理并最终应用于临床治疗。 相似文献
155.
156.
Florian Fessel Kai Epstude Neal J. Roese 《Organizational behavior and human decision processes》2009,110(1):56-64
Four experiments introduced a new conceptual and methodological approach to hindsight bias, traditionally defined as the tendency to exaggerate the a priori predictability of outcomes after they become known. By examining likelihood estimates rooted to specific time points during an unfolding event sequence (videos and short text stories), judged both in foresight and hindsight, we conceptualized hindsight bias as a contrast between two “inevitability curves,” which plotted likelihood against time. Taking timing into account, we defined three new indicators of accuracy: linear accuracy (how well hindsight judgments capture the linear trend of foresight judgments over time), rate accuracy (how well hindsight judgments reflect the slope of foresight judgments over time), and temporal accuracy (how well hindsight judgments specify the overall timing of the full envelope of foresight judgments). Results demonstrated that hindsight judgments showed linear and rate accuracy, but were biased only in terms of lack of temporal accuracy. The oft-used catchphrase “knew it all along effect” was found to be a misnomer, in that participants were well aware in hindsight that their earlier foresight judgments reflected uncertainty. The current research therefore points to one way in which retrospective judgments can be considered biased, yet simultaneously suggests that considerable accuracy exists when people render such judgments. 相似文献
157.
The continuity principle stipulates that through all stages of disaster, management and treatment should aim at preserving
and restoring functional, historical, and interpersonal continuities, at the individual, family, organization, and community
levels. Two misconceptions work against this principle and lead to decisional errors: the “abnormalcy bias” which results
in underestimating victims' ability to cope with disaster, and the “normalcy bias” which results in underestimating the probability
or extent of expected disruption. This article clarifies these biases and details the potential contributions of the continuity
principle at the different stages of the disaster.
The authors are reserve officers in the Mental Health and Behavioral Sciences Centers of the IDF (Israel Defense Forces) and
were, in this capacity, directly involved in the coordination of agencies dealing with Gulf War victims. 相似文献
158.
风险决策中的参照点效应研究 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
本研究以展望理论和社会决策范式模型为基础,着重探讨三种参照点对个体和群体风险决策产生的影响。300名被试经实验者设置参照点后分别在个体和群体条件下对不同风险度的博弈方案进行选择。结果表明:(1)个体决策中,损失参照点的被试和无得失经验者比得益者更冒险;(2)得益被试的决策受到社会比较的影响;(3)损失参照点的被试并未对群体决策有更大影响,决定群体决策结果的主要是多数原则。 相似文献
159.
Kam-lun Edwin Lee 《Zygon》1997,32(1):65-81
This article seeks to explain the correspondence between human intelligibility and that of the physical world by synthesizing the contributions of Jean Ladrière. Ladrière shows that the objectification function of formal symbolism in mathematics as an artificial language has operative power acquired through algorithm to represent physical reality. In physical theories, mathematics relates to observations through theoretic and empirical languages mutually interacting in a methodological circle, and nonmathematical anticipatory intention guides mathematical algorithmic exploration. Ladrière reasons that mathematics can make the physical world comprehensible because of the presence of a rational principle in both kinds of intelligibility. 相似文献
160.
Recent studies pertaining to an extended class of matched pairs tests based on powers of ranks are discussed. Previous questions regarding the asymptotic properties for this class of tests are clarified and a generalization of this class is described. This generalization raises a previously unanticipated concern about whether or not the analytic comparisons resulting from these tests correspond with an intuitive notion of what is being compared. 相似文献