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831.
Ruth Linn 《Journal of Adult Development》1998,5(1):45-57
In their search for an authentic moral self, women and men may at some time in their lives assume a position of resistance. Men are most likely to assume this position in the sphere of war. It is not clear, however, where or when women would be expected to assume such a position or what the nature of that position might be, and how far it could be likened to that of the resisting man. This paper explores the idea that choosing to be a single mother can be a position by and from which women can voice their moral criticism. Such position is comparable to the (known and well-studied) position taken by men who show their moral criticism by refusing to participate in a specific battle during a morally controversial war. The paper begins with an examination of the philosophical and psychological concepts of separate and connected moral positions available to resisting men and women in the spheres of war and family. The conclusions are based on data from two samples of resisters in the spheres of war and the family: 36 soldiers (30 years old on average) who decided to take a stand as selective conscientious objectors (SCOs) during a morally controversial war and 50 (biologically) mature single women (over age 30) who chose to become pregnant and to remain unwed mothers. The conceptual and methodological questions regarding this comparison are discussed. 相似文献
832.
Joseph R. Herkert 《Science and engineering ethics》1998,4(3):333-346
This paper explores the concept of sustainable development and its ethical and public policy implications for engineering
and multinational corporations. Sustainable development involves achieving objectives in three realms: ecological (sustainable
scale), economic (efficient allocation) and social (just distribution). While movement toward a sustainable society is dependent
upon satisfying all three objectives, questions of just distribution and other questions of equity are often left off the
table or downplayed when engineers and corporate leaders consider sustainable development issues. Indeed, almost all the effort
of engineers and engineering organizations on the issue of sustainable development has been focused on striking a balance
between economic development and environmental protection. Similarly, corporate approaches rely on technological fixes to
the challenges posed by sustainable development. While there have been some efforts aimed at incorporating environmental and
social equity concepts into engineering codes of ethics, social concerns have been secondary to environmental issues. The
incongruity between the ideal of sustainable development and the way in which it is typically characterized by the engineering
and business communities has significant implications for engineering and public policy, engineering ethics, and the potential
roles of engineers and multinational corporations as facilitators of a transition to a sustainable society.
Presented at the Engineering Foundation Conference on “Ethics for Science and Engineering Based International Industries”,
Durham, NC, USA, September 1997. An earlier version was presented at and appeared in the proceedings of the “1997 International
Symposium on Technology and Society”, IEEE Society on Social Implications of Technology, Glasgow, Scotland, UK, June 1997.
The author, an Assistant Prolessor of Multidisciplinary Studies, teaches in the Science, Technology and Society Program and
is Director of the Benjamin Franklin Scholars Program, a dual-degree program in engineering and humanities/social sciences. 相似文献
833.
Serge Larive Sylvie Normandeau Thrse Bouffard-Bouchard Thrse Peyrade Sophie Parent Richard-E. Tremblay 《International journal of psychology》1994,29(3):367-391
Seventy-one families from a low socio-economic background, each with a son at risk of developing psychosocial problems at the onset of the study, were observed three times over a six-year period while solving a combinatorial task presented on a microcomputer. The permutations task was used to gather information with regard to cognitive functioning and cognitive self-regulation of the families, which were observed as a developmental unit. Cognitive functioning was assessed according to three variables: cognitive strategies, performance, and completion of the task. Six self-regulatory activities were assessed: task definition, planning, supervision, evaluation, parental support, and sharing of responsibilities. Although inefficient strategies were mainly used across the six years, the cognitive level of functioning improved over the years. Cognitive self-regulatory activities most often used across time were supervision and parental support. Differences were observed in the three time periods for supervision, task definition, parental support, and individual involvement. Results indicated a link between cognitive strategies used by the families to solve the task and their self-regulatory activities. Results are interpreted within both the Piagetian and Vygotskian perspectives. Families' cognitive self-regulatory activities observed in this study are an example of parental disengagement and children's growing involvement in a joint activity. 相似文献
834.
Mace FC 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》1994,61(3):529-550
The costs of disconnection between the basic and applied sectors of behavior analysis are reviewed, and some solutions to these problems are proposed. Central to these solutions are collaborations between basic and applied behavioral scientists in programmatic research that addresses the behavioral basis and solution of human behavior problems. This kind of collaboration parallels the deliberate interactions between basic and applied researchers that have proven to be so profitable in other scientific fields, such as medicine. Basic research questions of particular relevance to the development of behavioral technologies are posed in the following areas: response allocation, resistance to change, countercontrol, formation and differentiation/discrimination of stimulus and response classes, analysis of low-rate behavior, and rule-governed behavior. Three interrelated strategies to build connections between the basic and applied analysis of behavior are identified: (a) the development of nonhuman animal models of human behavior problems using operations that parallel plausible human circumstances, (b) replication of the modeled relations with human subjects in the operant laboratory, and (c) tests of the generality of the model with actual human problems in natural settings. 相似文献
835.
婴儿识别面部表情的能力及其发展模式 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
采用婴儿控制的习惯化-去习惯化实验设计,测查了42名8-12个月的婴儿对愉快(H)、愤怒(A)和惧怕(F)三种表情(照片)的习惯化速率及在六种表情配对顺序下(H-A,A-H,H-F,F-H,A-F,F-A)的识别能力。实验结果表明:(1)多数婴儿的注视高峰出现在习惯化过程早期;(2)不同年龄的婴儿对三种表情的习惯化速率相同;(3)在三种表情的六种配对情况下,不同年龄的婴儿对任一对表情中的第一个习惯化后,均可对第二个表情去习惯化,即在识别过程中不存在顺序效应。 相似文献
836.
Age differences in adults' processing of a dialectical or nondialectical prose passage were explored. Twenty young and 20 older adults read a dialectical or mechanistic passage and were tested for free recall and recognition after a 30-min delay (filled with vocabulary and paradigm belief scale). Older (vs. young) adults had significantly lower formistic and mechanistic scores and showed greater relative preference for relativistic and dialectical beliefs (paradigm scale). There were no age differences in amount of free recall or number of correct responses (hits) on recognition, but older adults produced more spontaneous dialectical distortions in recall of the mechanistic passage and more paradigm-congruent false alarms on recognition. There was also a move from absolute toward dialectical thinking on the paradigm scale and, among males, on the recognition measure. Dialectical scores (paradigm scale) were positively correlated, and mechanistic scores negatively correlated, with number of dialectical distortions on free recall (mechanistic passage), while dialectical scores were positively correlated with number of dialectical false alarms (dialectical passage). 相似文献
837.
Steven M. Tovian Ph.D. Ronald H. Rozensky Tracy B. Sloan Gary M. Slotnick 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》1994,1(4):339-361
Urinary incontinence (UI) is a disorder receiving little attention from clinical health psychologists. This paper establishes the importance of addressing the issue of UI within the clinical and research practices of clinical health psychologists. Over 10 million Americans suffer from loss of bladder control. Incontinence affects over half of older individuals in long-term care institutions, about one-third of hospitalized elderly, and up to 30% of Americans over the age of 60 living at home. Because of social stigma and misconceptions attached to urinary incontinence, it is estimated that less than half of those affected see a physician about their condition. Since UI is generally associated with medical, social, psychological, and economic consequences, a multidisciplinary perspective is important because these factors are integral in the selection of appropriate treatment. Definitions of UI, its incidence and costs, and brief reviews of treatment and management techniques are presented. Psychological sequelae and treatments are presented as a foundation for developing further treatment and research approaches. Guidelines for collaboration and consultation by clinical health psychologists with medical professionals in the area of UI are also discussed. 相似文献
838.
Spirituality is important to humans but gets little attention in experimental studies of life span cognitive development. One way to integrate such studies is to examine cognitive aspects of spiritual development using complex postformal Piagetian models. Four possible points of interface within postformal models are: developmental stages; elements of emotion and will; multiperson cognition; and forms taken by the processes used. Testable hypotheses are outlined and some possible difficulties to be expected within such research are discussed. 相似文献
839.
Stephen Schlein 《Journal of Adult Development》1994,1(3):149-151
In this essay, I offer some reminiscences of Erik Erikson. While he is best known for his work on stages of development across the life span, I focus here on his lesser known, but significant contributions to the psychotherapeutic method with children, adolescents, and adults, respectively. 相似文献
840.
A paradigm of adult cognitive development is elaborated that is derived from concepts inherent in the study of consistency and change during the adult years. It is argued that the antecedents and consequences of adult cognition are substantially different from those that pertain to earlier growth-oriented developmental periods and to later decline-oriented periods. Adult cognition and its development are characterized in terms of adaptive competencies in specific domains, elasticity of function within selected domains, and knowledge encapsulation. Another major characteristic of adult development is that knowledge and computation are integrated or encapsulated with experience and use. It is suggested that these characteristics serve to distinguish adult cognitive development from the discontinuous emerging properties of earlier cognitive development and from the general deficiencies of cognitive function that are characteristic of very late life. 相似文献