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991.
This paper examines the role of computer‐based decision aids in reducing cognitive effort and therefore influencing strategy selection. It extends and complements the work reported in the behavioral decision theory literature on the role of effort and accuracy in choice tasks. The central proposition of the research is that if a decision aid makes a strategy that should lead to a more accurate outcome at least as easy to employ as a simpler, but less accurate, heuristic, then the use of a decision aid should induce that more accurate strategy and as a consequence improve decision quality. Otherwise, a decision aid may only influence decision‐making efficiency. This occurs because decision makers use a decision aid in such a way as to minimize their overall level of effort expenditure. Results from a laboratory experiment support this proposition. When a more accurate normative strategy is made less effortful to use, it is used. This result is consistent with the findings of our prior studies, but more clearly demonstrates that decision aids can induce the use of normatively oriented strategies. The key to inducing these strategies is to make the normative strategy easier to execute than competing alternative strategies. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
992.
Ventura P Kolinsky R Querido JL Fernandes S Morais J 《Journal of psycholinguistic research》2007,36(5):341-360
We examined phonological priming in illiterate adults, using a cross-modal picture-word interference task. Participants named
pictures while hearing distractor words at different Stimulus Onset Asynchronies (SOAs). Ex-illiterates and university students
were also tested. We specifically assessed the ability of the three populations to use fine-grained, phonemic units in phonological
encoding of spoken words. In the phoneme-related condition, auditory words shared only the first phoneme with the target name.
All participants named pictures faster with phoneme-related word distractors than with unrelated word distractors. The results
thus show that phonemic representations intervene in phonological output processes independently of literacy. However, the
phonemic priming effect was observed at a later SOA in illiterates compared to both ex-illiterates and university students.
This may be attributed to differences in speed of picture identification. 相似文献
993.
The present study investigated whether the balance of neighborhood distribution (i.e., the way orthographic neighbors are
spread across letter positions) influences visual word recognition. Three word conditions were compared. Word neighbors were
either concentrated on one letter position (e.g.,nasse/basse-lasse-tasse-masse) or were unequally spread across two letter positions (e.g.,pelle/celle-selle-telle-perle), or were equally spread across two letter positions (e.g.,litre/titre-vitre-libre-livre). Predictions based on the interactive activation model [McClelland & Rumelhart (1981). Psychological Review, 88, 375–401]
were generated by running simulations and were confirmed in the lexical decision task. Data showed that words were more rapidly
identified when they had spread neighbors rather than concentrated neighbors. Furthermore, within the set of spread neighbors,
words were more rapidly recognized when they had equally rather than unequally spread neighbors. The findings are explained
in terms of activation and inhibition processes in the interactive activation framework. 相似文献
994.
This study explores the effects of a participative technique, quality circles (QCs), on several employee attitudes and performance.
The sample included 36 studies with 42 independent samples. Mean effect sizes were small for employee attitudes and moderate
for job performance suggesting QCs affected job performance to a greater degree than employee attitudes. For organizations
involved in quality management these results seem to suggest that quality interventions have a stronger impact on job performance
than on employee attitudes. The study conclusions provide a positive outlook on the effects of total quality management interventions
on productivity. 相似文献
995.
Uri Simonsohn 《决策行为杂志》2007,20(2):143-152
Abundant experimental research has documented that incidental primes and emotions are capable of influencing people's judgments and choices. This paper examines whether the influence of such incidental factors is large enough to be observable in the field, by analyzing 682 actual university admission decisions. As predicted, applicants' academic attributes are weighted more heavily on cloudier days and non‐academic attributes on sunnier days. The documented effects are of both statistical and practical significance: changes in cloud cover can increase a candidate's predicted probability of admission by an average of up to 11.9%. These results also shed light on the causes behind the long demonstrated unreliability of experts making repeated judgments from the same data. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
996.
ABSTRACT— Our understanding of short-term recognition memory can be enhanced by careful choice and control of test materials. Theory-driven manipulation of memory test stimuli, including visual textures, human faces, and complex sounds, minimize individual differences and make it possible to predict recognition performance for specific combinations of stimulus items. This stimulus-oriented approach to memory reveals that stimulus similarity plays two different important roles in recognition memory. By exploiting tools used in psychophysics, it is possible to generate mnemometric functions—detailed "snapshots" that capture key features of subjects' memory strength. 相似文献
997.
李萍萍 《医学与哲学(人文社会医学版)》2007,28(8):4-5
一切医学实践活动都是从决策问题开始。由于我们的决策面对的是需要治疗的患者,而患者的价值观是不一样的;同时,医学知识和技术是在不断发展和进步的,所以医生需要改变传统的决策方式,重视医学证据、可用资源和患者的价值取向。医患之间的相互信任是合理决策的前提。这种信任需在充分沟通的基础上达到互相认可。促进医患共同决策,将成为21世纪医疗服务的努力方向。 相似文献
998.
由于政府监管部门的缺位与越位导致医疗市场混乱,医疗资源配置不合理与效率低下,医院为了自身利益而鼓励医务人员多收费,医务人员成了给钱治病的经济人,再加上舆论的推波助澜,社会保障体系不健全,以及医疗需求的刚性,医患间的信息不对称,患者对医疗预期值超越了当今的科技水平,导致医患矛盾越演越烈. 相似文献
999.
冯变喜 《医学与哲学(人文社会医学版)》2007,28(9):3-7
外科决策是一项高风险的事情,在当前医患关系紧张的环境下,尤其突出。如何险中求胜,具有重要的现实意义。本文提出科际整合,将军事学、谋略学、决策学、管理学在哲学层面有机地结合在一起,将做人、做事、做决策与临床密切联系在一起,开创一个全新的决策思路、方法和技巧,在实践中已突显其优越性。 相似文献
1000.