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51.
Karen L. McGavock 《Philosophia》2007,35(2):129-143
Children’s literature was first published in the eighteenth century at a time when the philosophical ideas of Jean-Jacques
Rousseau on education and childhood were being discussed. Ironically, however, the first generation of children’s literature
(by Maria Edgeworth et al) was incongruous with Rousseau’s ideas since the works were didactic, constraining and demanded passive acceptance from their
readers. This instigated a deficit or reductionist model to represent childhood and children’s literature as simple and uncomplicated
and led to children’s literature being overlooked and its contribution to philosophical discussions being undermined. Although
Rousseau advocates freeing the child to develop, he does not feel that reading fiction promotes child development, which is
a weakness in an otherwise strong argument for educational reform. Yet, rather ironically, the second generation of children’s
writers, from Lewis Carroll onwards, more truly embraced Rousseau’s broader philosophical ideas on education and childhood
than their predecessors, encouraging and freeing readers to imagine, reflect and actively engage in ontological enquiry. The
emphasis had changed with the child being embraced in education and society as active participant rather than passive or disengaged
recipient. Works deemed to be seminal to the canon of children’s literature such as Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, Peter Pan and The Chronicles of Narnia challenge readers to work through conflicts many of which can be identified retrospectively as exhibiting postmodern characteristics.
By exploring moral and spiritual dilemmas in their writing, Carroll, Barrie and Lewis’s works can be regarded as contributing
to discussions on theodical postmodernism. The successes of The Lord of the Rings and Narnia films suggest that there is an interest in exploring moral dilemmas, fulfilling a need (perhaps for tolerance
and understanding) in society at large. Children’s literature has an almost divine power to restore, to repair and to heal,
all characteristics of theodical postmodernism but differing from the more widely held conception of postmodernism which pulls
apart, exacerbates and exposes. Children’s literature therefore offers a healthy and constructive approach to working through
moral dilemmas. In their deconstruction of childhood, these authors have brought children’s literature closer to aspects of
enquiry traditionally found in the domain of adult mainstream literature. As the boundaries between childhood and adulthood
become more fluid, less certain, debate is centring around whether the canon of children’s literature itself has become redundant
or meaningless since there are no longer any restrictions on which subjects can be treated in children’s literature. Despite
the fact that children’s literature clearly engages with difficult issues, it continues to be left out of the critical equation,
not given serious attention, disregarded as simplistic and ignored in contemporary philosophical discussions concerning morality,
postmodernism and the future of childhood. With children’s literature coming closer to mainstream literature, and exhibiting
prominent features of postmodernism, however, it is only a matter of time before philosophical discussions actively engage
with children’s literature and recognise its contribution to the resolution and reconciliation of ontological dilemmas. When
this occurs, philosophy and children’s literature will re-engage, enriching contemporary investigations of existence, ethics
and knowledge and fruitfully developing thought in these areas. This paper aims to contribute to this process.
相似文献
Karen L. McGavockEmail: |
52.
改造和提升小农伦理——再读马克思的《路易·波拿巴的雾月十八日》 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
农民在历史发展中的重要地位和伟大成绩是不容否定的,但从伦理道德的角度看,农民还存在先天缺陷和局限性,这在马克思的《路易.波拿巴的雾月十八日》有精深的论述。重读马克思的这部伟大作品,可以为我们在新的历史条件下改造农民和传统伦理中存在的落后的小农意识提供有益的启示。 相似文献
53.
Tyler Hildebrand 《Ratio》2019,32(3):163-172
According to best systems accounts, laws of nature are generalizations in the best systematization of particular matters of fact. Metrics such as simplicity and strength determine which systematization is best, but these are notoriously language relative. For this reason, David Lewis proposed a constraint on languages of inquiry: all predicates must be natural. This constraint is sometimes interpreted as requiring us to know which natural properties are instantiated in our world prior to scientific theorizing. I argue that this interpretation is incorrect. I provide a better interpretation and show how it undercuts an influential epistemological objection to Lewis's best systems account of laws due to Bas van Fraassen. 相似文献
54.
Christian Scharen 《Dialog》2008,47(4):339-347
Abstract : In this article I raise the question of whether and how Christians can become captive to a kind of constricted imagination, and how this does not serve the church well in its work with youth and young adults. I draw on examples from pop music (Kanye West, U2) to portray the theological logic of ‘check‐list Christianity.’ As an alternative, I follow C. S. Lewis in reorienting the perspective from deciding if some cultural object (song, movie, TV show) is good or bad, to asking what sort of people we become by attending to this or that cultural object; specifically, does it enlarge our being‐before‐God or not? This requires that we also view pop culture as the domain of God's work in Christ, and that we confess that God is already working reconciliation in the midst of the world. 相似文献
55.
STEADY-STATE ASSESSMENT OF IMPULSIVE CHOICE IN LEWIS AND FISCHER 344 RATS: BETWEEN-CONDITION DELAY MANIPULATIONS
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Gregory J Madden Nathaniel G Smith Adam T Brewer Jonathan W Pinkston Patrick S Johnson 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》2008,90(3):333-344
Previous research has shown that Lewis rats make more impulsive choices than Fischer 344 rats. Such strain-related differences in choice are important as they may provide an avenue for exploring genetic and neurochemical contributions to impulsive choice. The present systematic replication was designed to determine if these findings could be reproduced using a procedure less susceptible to within- or between-session carry-over effects that may have affected previous findings. Specifically, delays to the larger–later food reinforcer were manipulated between conditions following steady-state assessments of choice, and the order of delays across conditions was mixed. The results confirmed previous findings that Lewis rats made significantly more impulsive choices than Fischer 344 rats. Fischer 344 rats' preference for the larger–later reinforcer, on the other hand, was less extreme than reported in prior research, which may be due to carry-over effects inherent to the commonly used technique of systematically increasing delays within session. Previously reported across-strain motor differences were reproduced as Lewis rats had shorter latencies than Fischer 344 rats, although these latencies were not correlated with impulsive choice. Parallels between reduced dopamine function in Lewis rats and clinical reports of impulse-control disorders following treatment of Parkinson patients with selective D2/D3 dopamine agonists are discussed. 相似文献
56.
Propositional knowledge and know-how 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
John N Williams 《Synthese》2008,165(1):107-125
This paper is roughly in two parts. The first deals with whether know-how is constituted by propositional knowledge, as discussed
primarily by Gilbert Ryle (1949) The concept of mind. London: Hutchinson, Jason Stanley and Timothy Williamson (2001). Knowing
how. Journal of Philosophy, 98, pp. 411–444 as well as Stephen Hetherington (2006). How to know that knowledge-that is knowledge-how. In S. Hetherington
(Ed.) Epistemology futures. Oxford: Oxford University Press. The conclusion of this first part is that know-how sometimes does and sometimes does not
consist in propositional knowledge. The second part defends an analysis of know-how inspired by Katherine Hawley’ (2003).
Success and knowledge-how. American Philosophical Quarterly, 40, pp. 19–31, insightful proposal that know-how requires counterfactual success. I conclude by showing how this analysis helps
to explain why know-how sometimes does and sometimes does not consist of propositional knowledge. 相似文献
57.
Alfred Kracher 《Zygon》2006,41(2):329-346
Abstract. Although we do not know whether intelligent extraterrestrials exist, they are a permanent fixture of literature and philosophical argument. Part of their appeal is that they watch us from above and thus serve as a metaphor for human self‐reflexivity. This makes fictional aliens especially useful when moral issues are at stake. In order to evaluate stories about aliens with respect to moral conclusions two conditions must be fulfilled. First, the stories have to be detailed enough that we can understand the circumstances of the aliens' moral choices. Therefore science fiction often is more useful than arguments involving aliens in short technical papers. Second, their fictional lives need to be possible in our own universe, or very nearly so, in order to be relevant for our own moral conduct. Taking as an example the unfallen aliens in C. S. Lewis's novels Out of the Silent Planet (1938) and Perelandra (1943), we can acknowledge the theological interest and literary subtlety. Nonetheless, the stories fail as moral parables in one important respect: The aliens depicted could not be a product of evolution in our universe, at least as we currently understand its scientific laws. This realization has important consequences for our self‐understanding and thus underlines how fictional aliens can be useful in making sense of the complexities involved in moral argumentation. 相似文献
58.
Andrew C. Khoury 《Australasian journal of philosophy》2018,96(4):779-792
In most penal systems, success is punished more than failure. For example, murder is punished more severely than attempted murder. But success or failure is often determined by luck. It thus appears that punishment is allotted on the basis of arbitrary factors. The problem of criminal attempts is the question of how to best resolve this apparent tension. One particularly sophisticated attempt at resolution, first developed by David Lewis, holds that such differential punishment is not unjust when understood as a natural penal lottery. What is most interesting about this view is that it does not appear to involve a commitment to resultant moral luck. I argue that the natural penal lottery fails to deliver justice. Upon analysis, it carries the same implication that it sought to avoid—namely, a commitment to resultant moral luck. I then argue that there can be, in principle, no penal lottery that delivers justice, natural or otherwise. 相似文献
59.
Max Kölbel 《Canadian journal of philosophy》2018,48(3-4):379-404
AbstractThe prevailing theoretical framework for theorising about representation construes all representation as involving objective representational contents. This classic framework has tended to drive philosophers either to claim that evaluative judgements are representations and therefore objective, or else to claim that evaluative judgements are not really representations, because they are not objective. However, a more general, already well-explored framework is available, which will allow theorists to treat evaluative judgements as full-fledged representations (thus doing justice to their representational aspects) while leaving open whether they are objective. Such a more general conception of representational content is exemplified, e.g. by Lewis’s ‘centred contents’ and Gibbard’s framework of ‘contents of judgement’, thus it is not new. I shall start in §1 by introducing the more general framework of perspectival contents and then illustrate in §2 how awareness of it can help expose the fallaciousness of certain widely used forms of argumentation in metaethics. 相似文献
60.
Daniel H Ashmead Bernice M Reilly Lewis P Lipsitt 《Journal of experimental child psychology》1980,29(2):264-281
In previous studies of human newborn sucking, the effects of increasing fluid sweetness and/or volume included a decrease in sucking rate within sucking bursts and, paradoxically, an increase in heart rate. To determine whether the heart rate increase can be attributed to increased sucking amplitude for sweeter fluids, sucking and heart rates of 20 full-term infants were studied. Half sucked for three consecutive 2-min periods, first receiving small drops of water for each suck, then no fluid, then 15% sucrose. The other half experienced the reverse order. The results for sucking and heart rate were consistent with previous studies; sucking rates within bursts were slowest for sucrose and fastest for no fluid. Heart rate was higher for sucrose than for the other fluid conditions, however, only in the water-first group. The heart rate increase was significant on statistical tests which controlled for sucking amplitude as well as for several other motor variables. Sucking amplitude itself varied with fluid sweetness in the water-first group only, in which it was highest for water. There were more total sucks, longer sucking bursts, and less time between successive bursts under the sucrose condition. Multivariate statistics helped establish a set of dependent variables—sucking rate within bursts, total number of sucks, and heart rate—which most parsimoniously describes the effects of fluid sweetness. A hedonic explanation of the response of newborns to sweetness is thus reiterated. 相似文献