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For decisions between many alternatives, the benchmark result is Hick's Law: that response time increases log-linearly with the number of choice alternatives. Even when Hick's Law is observed for response times, divergent results have been observed for error rates-sometimes error rates increase with the number of choice alternatives, and sometimes they are constant. We provide evidence from two experiments that error rates are mostly independent of the number of choice alternatives, unless context effects induce participants to trade speed for accuracy across conditions. Error rate data have previously been used to discriminate between competing theoretical accounts of Hick's Law, and our results question the validity of those conclusions. We show that a previously dismissed optimal observer model might provide a parsimonious account of both response time and error rate data. The model suggests that people approximate Bayesian inference in multi-alternative choice, except for some perceptual limitations. 相似文献
54.
This special issue on temporal processing within and across senses was the outcome of a two-day workshop that took place in Tübingen, Germany. The aim of the workshop and this special issue was to advance our knowledge on timing and the senses and to bring together two lines of research that have not yet interacted, those of synchrony and duration perception. 相似文献
55.
《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》2013,66(9):1757-1783
We present a serial reaction time (SRT) task in which participants identified the location of a target by pressing a key mapped to the location. The location of successive targets was determined by the rules of a grammar, and we varied the redundancy of the grammar. Increasing both practice and the redundancy of the grammar reduced response time, but the participants were unable to describe the grammar. Such results are usually discussed as examples of implicit learning. Instead, we treat performance in terms of retrieval from a multitrace memory. In our account, after each trial, participants store a trace comprising the current stimulus, the response associated with it, and the context provided by the immediately preceding response. When a target is presented, it is used as a prompt to retrieve the response mapped to it. As participants practise the task, the redundancy of the series helps point to the correct response and, thereby, speeds retrieval of the response. The model captured performance in the experiment and in classic SRT studies from the literature. Its success shows that the SRT task can be understood in terms of retrieval from memory without implying implicit learning. 相似文献
56.
Ramon Ferrer‐i‐Cancho Antoni Hernández‐Fernández David Lusseau Govindasamy Agoramoorthy Minna J. Hsu Stuart Semple 《Cognitive Science》2013,37(8):1565-1578
A key aim in biology and psychology is to identify fundamental principles underpinning the behavior of animals, including humans. Analyses of human language and the behavior of a range of non‐human animal species have provided evidence for a common pattern underlying diverse behavioral phenomena: Words follow Zipf's law of brevity (the tendency of more frequently used words to be shorter), and conformity to this general pattern has been seen in the behavior of a number of other animals. It has been argued that the presence of this law is a sign of efficient coding in the information theoretic sense. However, no strong direct connection has been demonstrated between the law and compression, the information theoretic principle of minimizing the expected length of a code. Here, we show that minimizing the expected code length implies that the length of a word cannot increase as its frequency increases. Furthermore, we show that the mean code length or duration is significantly small in human language, and also in the behavior of other species in all cases where agreement with the law of brevity has been found. We argue that compression is a general principle of animal behavior that reflects selection for efficiency of coding. 相似文献
57.
Anne Sofie Roald 《Islam & Christian-Muslim Relations》2013,24(3):333-347
In this article polygyny is used to illustrate how the ideal of benevolent patriarchy and the “good” Muslim man as the benevolent patriarch tends to create a discrepancy between the legal and the moral in Islamic legislation as well as in Islamic discourse. The study is based on fieldwork in the West Bank in 2011 when 49 Islamist and Islamic-oriented women were interviewed. The main finding of this study is that Islamist women tend to accept the Islamic gender system as the divine will, and they also accept its legal expression, Personal Status Law. However, there is a little awareness of the lack of legal consequences for men who do not behave according to the moral code, which is not explicitly but only implicitly assumed in the law. 相似文献
58.
Timothy Rosenkoetter 《British Journal for the History of Philosophy》2013,21(6):1143-1174
This paper introduces a referential reading of Kant’s practical project, according to which maxims are made morally permissible by their correspondence to objects, though not the ontic objects of Kant’s theoretical project but deontic objects (what ought to be). It illustrates this model by showing how the content of the Formula of Universal Law might be determined by what our capacity of practical reason can stand in a referential relation to, rather than by facts about what kind of beings we are (viz., uncaused causes). This solves the neglected puzzle of why there are passages in Kant’s works suggesting robust analogies between mathematics and ethics, since to universalize a maxim is to test a priori whether a practical object with that particular content can be constructed. An apparent problem with this hypothesis is that the medium of practical sensibility (feeling) does not play a role analogous to the medium of theoretical sensibility (intuition). In response I distinguish two separate Kantian accounts of mathematical apriority. The thesis that maxim universalization is a species of construction, and thus a priori, turns out to be consistent with the account of apriority that informs Kant’s understanding of actual mathematical practice. 相似文献
59.
全国人大常委会通过了酝酿已久的《禁毒法》,对吸毒者的身份采取了定位为违法者、病人和受害者的意见,但是社会各界的争论与思考仍没有停止。归纳了有关吸毒者法律定位的各种观点,并从应然角度讨论其背后的伦理学基础,以期为今后更好的救助吸毒者和不断完善禁毒法律体系提供理论依据。 相似文献
60.
Tensions in a Certain Conception of Just War as Law Enforcement 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Jacob Blair 《Res Publica》2008,14(4):303-311
Many just war theorists (call them traditionalists) claim that just as people have a right to personal self-defense, so nations
have a right to national-defense against an aggressive military invasion. David Rodin claims that the traditionalist is unable
to justify most defensive wars against aggression. For most aggressive states only commit conditional aggression in that they threaten to kill or maim the citizens of the nation they are invading only if those citizens resist
the occupation. Most wars, then, claimed to be justified by the traditionalist fail to meet the proportionality criterion.
Thus, a just war, for Rodin, is best conceived of as a punitive war of law enforcement, not as a war of national-defense.
I argue that Rodin does not have a case against the traditionalist. If national-defense is a disproportionate response to
conditional aggression, then punitive war is a disproportionate response as well. Furthermore, the belief that punitive war
is a proportionate response to conditional aggression underscores the traditionalist’s view that self-determination, cultural
identity and the like are of sufficient value to defend by means of lethal force. I end the paper by very briefly sketching
an account, different from that of Rodin’s, of how individual nations can be justified in waging wars of law enforcement.
相似文献
Jacob BlairEmail: |