全文获取类型
收费全文 | 113篇 |
免费 | 4篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 1篇 |
2023年 | 2篇 |
2022年 | 2篇 |
2021年 | 2篇 |
2020年 | 6篇 |
2019年 | 4篇 |
2018年 | 4篇 |
2017年 | 3篇 |
2016年 | 7篇 |
2015年 | 3篇 |
2014年 | 1篇 |
2013年 | 14篇 |
2012年 | 3篇 |
2011年 | 5篇 |
2010年 | 2篇 |
2009年 | 10篇 |
2008年 | 7篇 |
2007年 | 5篇 |
2006年 | 9篇 |
2005年 | 5篇 |
2004年 | 2篇 |
2003年 | 1篇 |
2002年 | 5篇 |
2001年 | 2篇 |
1999年 | 1篇 |
1998年 | 2篇 |
1997年 | 1篇 |
1996年 | 1篇 |
1990年 | 1篇 |
1983年 | 1篇 |
1981年 | 1篇 |
1979年 | 1篇 |
1978年 | 1篇 |
1977年 | 2篇 |
排序方式: 共有117条查询结果,搜索用时 156 毫秒
11.
Jonathan W. Pinkston Benjamin M. Libman 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》2017,108(1):73-96
Historically, effort has been viewed as aversive. Most supporting evidence comes from studies demonstrating increased force/effort requirements reduce operant responding. Changes in force/effort requirements, however, are often accompanied by changes in response definition when mechanical devices are used to define the response. As a consequence, responses measured at one point in a study may go unmeasured at other points. In an alternative approach, we used a continuous measurement strategy that provided a means to fix the threshold force defining the response class and simultaneously allowed independent manipulation of the force criteria required to produce reinforcement. Rats pressed a force transducer according to a fixed‐ratio 5 schedule of food delivery. The criterion force was systematically increased and decreased; the threshold for response detection was constant. When response rates included only criterion responses, overall rate decreased when force requirements increased. By contrast, when all responses, both those meeting force criteria and those that did not (above the threshold but below the criteria for reinforcement) were included in the rate calculation, increases in force increased response rate. Increases in force criteria also increased the maximum force (g) and time‐integral of force (g‐s) of operant behavior. Control conditions showed increases in responding could be explained by the emergence of subcriterion responses, irrespective of force. We conclude that prior results showing effort decreases response rates are due to an artifact arising from inadvertent changes in response definitions. Increases in effort may better be understood as changes in the response:reinforcer payoff owing to the emergence of a subcriterion response class. 相似文献
12.
SUSUMU OHNUMA YUKIO HIROSE KAORI KARASAWA KAYO YORIFUJI JUNKICHI SUGIURA 《The Japanese psychological research》2005,47(1):1-11
Abstract: This study examined why people accepted a demanding rule in a recycling system that was newly introduced in Nagoya City. We focused on two social psychological topics: social dilemmas and fairness. While the new system succeeded in reducing waste, it imposed a burden on citizens without providing incentives and sanctions. In a research survey, 1442 responses from a sample of 3000 (48% response rate) were obtained using a stratified sampling method. The results showed that the new recycling system was approved despite the demands placed on citizens, with a preference for more strict rules such as penalties and surveillance for noncompliance. The main determinants of approval of the new recycling system were social benefit and procedural fairness, whereas the main determinant of preference for strict rules was outcome fairness. We argue that (a) social benefit should be emphasized to facilitate cooperative behavior in a social dilemma situation and (b) the government should ensure sufficient discussion with citizens and acknowledgment of their opinions. 相似文献
13.
自1946年颁布宗教法人令,日本的宗教法历经十余次修订,但其一贯的原则都是宗教自由、政教分离,政府对宗教法人的自治权和自律权给予充分的尊重。在宗教界内部的管理方面,宗议会制度和责任役员制度体现了民主的原则和平等的原则,为战后宗教的发展提供了制度性保障。由于宽松的政策环境和民主化管理,宗教在日本战后获得了很大发展。但1995年的奥姆真理教事件之后,日本政府对宗教法做出了重大修改,在尊重教团的自律性前提下强化了政府对宗教教团的管理,宗教团体的活动空间受到一定的限制。 相似文献
14.
LIU Jingxian 《Frontiers of Philosophy in China》2012,7(3):367
Richard Heck and John Burgess have shown that Frege’s Basic Law V is consistent with predicative comprehension and that the resulting theory interprets Robinson Arithmetic. There are also many other ways to keep Frege from being contradictory. This paper shows that Basic Law V is also consistent with positive comprehension and that the resulting theory also interprets Robinson Arithmetic. In addition, the theory of positive Frege provides a new understanding of Dummett’s “indefinitely extensible concepts.” 相似文献
15.
Fatima Agha Al‐Hayani 《Zygon》2008,43(4):783-795
In Islam, the acquisition of knowledge is a form of worship. But human achievement must be exercised in conformity with God's will. Warnings against feelings of superiority often are coupled with the command to remain within the confines of God's laws and limits. Because of the fear of arrogance and disregard of the balance created by God, any new knowledge or discovery must be applied with careful consideration to maintaining balance in the creation. Knowledge must be applied to ascertain equity and justice for all of humanity. Research in Islam must be linked to the broad ethical base set forth in the Qur'an and the Sunnah. Whether embryonic stem cell research or cloning is ethically acceptable in Islam depends on the benefits derived from such applications. What is most important for the scholars is to adhere to the concepts of compassion, mercy, and benefit to everyone. 相似文献
16.
Dale Jacquette 《Journal of Philosophical Logic》2006,35(3):293-316
An argument against multiply instantiable universals is considered in neglected essays by Stanislaw Lesniewski and I.M. Bochenski.
Bochenski further applies Lesniewski’s refutation of universals by maintaining that identity principles for individuals must
be different than property identity principles. Lesniewski’s argument is formalized for purposes of exact criticism, and shown
to involve both a hidden vicious circularity in the form of impredicative definitions and explicit self-defeating consequences.
Syntactical restrictions on Leibnizian indiscernibility of identicals are recommended to forestall Lesniewski’s paradox. 相似文献
17.
高等医学院校医事法学教育亟待加强 总被引:9,自引:1,他引:8
通过千余份问卷调查研究,透视出医学生对医事法律认知程度普遍偏低的状况,进而从医学院教育方针,以及医学生法律意识、自我教育能力等方面,分析、探究原因,寻求改进医事法学教育滞后问题,加速培养学医懂法医学人才的途径与方法。 相似文献
18.
Santiago Pellegrini 《Learning and motivation》2007,38(2):128-154
Papini and Pellegrini (Papini, M. R., & Pellegrini, S. Scaling relative incentive value in consummatory behavior. Learning and Motivation, in press) observed that, within limits, the level of consummatory responding of rats exposed to incentive downshifts in the concentration of sucrose solutions was similar when the ratio of test/training solutions was the same. For example, 32 → 4% and 16 → 2% downshifts (1:8 test/training ratios) lead to similar levels of consummatory behavior, despite differences in the absolute concentrations of the solutions involved in the downshift. This suggests the applicability of Weber’s law to spaced-trial, incentive-downshift situations. Experiment 1 extended these results to runway performance using food pellets as reward, and Experiment 2 to lever pressing performance, using an autoshaping procedure and sucrose solutions as rewards. The results conform well to the test/training ratio suggesting that Weber’s law is applicable to anticipatory behavior. A simple mathematical rule that can be easily incorporated into models based on linear operators describes the results of consummatory and anticipatory behavior experiments. 相似文献
19.
Pierre Schlag 《Continental Philosophy Review》2009,42(1):35-62
This article demonstrates that our more sophisticated theories of law lead us to a point where we are no longer able to distinguish
law from culture, or society, or the market, or politics or anything of the sort. Not only are the various terms inextricably
intertwined (something that other thinkers have observed) but we are no longer in a position to articulate any relations between
these various terms at all. It is with this latter realization that the dedifferentiation problem kicks in. Because the various
terms cannot be disentangled, we find ourselves in the odd position where there is nothing of any positive character to be
said about their relations. Each is already the other and, thus, they can have no relation. This is rather bad news for the
ways in which we have traditionally conceived theories of law—indeed any theory that gets off the ground by distinguishing
law from a discrete something else (which, on first glance, would seem to include all legal theory).
相似文献
Pierre SchlagEmail: |
20.
耆婆在中印医学交流中发挥了重要作用,《四分律》中关于耆婆医案的记载最为集中,案例涉及疾病病种有头痛、痔疮、肠扭结、水肿,治疗方法涉及外治法、内治法、手术疗法。通过对耆婆的生平、《四分律》中关于耆婆的六则医案以及医案反映出的医学思想等三个方面进行介绍,说明耆婆在我国医学发展史上的重要地位,突出耆婆在医学上丰富的诊疗经验和高超的医学技术,有助于准确把握耆婆诊疗方式、手术治疗特点、用药特色,挖掘当时医学的发展进程,有助于梳理耆婆医学思想在医学发展史上的历史意义以及更好地指导临床实践。 相似文献