儒家的人格结构及心理学扩展

人生儒学的核心是"成人"。"成人"的构成的因素和结构如何?这是理解儒家学理、中国人精神面貌的重要方面。文章从儒家典籍入手,归纳出其人格结构因素为"仁"、"礼"、"知"三因素。"仁"、"礼"、"知"体现出"德"属性,互动决定了儒家人格结构的"仁道"终极目标和"知命"社会功能——"命"可行时,外在事功,实现"外王";"命"不可行时,内在超越,完善心灵。"仁"、"礼"、"知"的充分发展并"知命",即为圣人、君子;不完全发展,即为民;缺乏则为小人。文章进而尝试从儒家的人格结构拓展出现代心理学意义的人格结构理论。     

"象言"与"道"韵——儒道两家诗性语言学思想及其现代意义

本文从语言哲学的角度研究儒道两家汉语言学思想的诗性特征及其对汉语言学发展的重要影响。认为不论道家还是儒家都强调汉语言以"象"为传意中介,"呈象"、"构象"是汉语言话语表达的核心机制,这充分显现了汉语的诗性特征。而汉字的象形又大都根植于自然的物象,就是这种人与自然的诗性关联既强化了"象"的隐喻述谓功能,同时也深化了汉语言的意蕴,使汉语言不仅仅是思想传达和交流的工具,同时也是艺术。     

试论《周易》中的生命哲学

《周易》在中国哲学中具有重要的地位,对中国传统文化产生了深远的影响。不管是儒家思想还是道家思想,皆与《周易》有千丝万缕的联系。而《易传》对《周易》古经的系统化解读,则从根本上将本为卜筮之书的《周易》提升为哲学与人生智慧之书。《易传》哲学的核心则是其所阐释的天人合一的生命哲学。受《易传》的影响,中国传统文化也以关注个体生命形下存在与形上存在的合一,乃至整个宇宙生命的有机运行为核心。《周易》将整个宇宙视为一个有机的生命体,在阴阳交互作用中这一生命体一直处于“生生不息”的状态中。这一宇宙生成论将分别表征天地的乾坤两卦作为创生世界万物的基元,而人则是天地人三才中的重要一员。《易传》的这一思想突出了人的主体性地位。而人若要充分发挥其主体性地位,则需要以“诚”为媒介,通过“进德修业”、“继善成性”来实现人与天的德性的合一,同时又要“与时偕行”,实现人与天的自然的合一。前者被后世的儒家所继承与发扬,而后者则为后世道教、中医学等所借鉴。《周易》所宣扬的天人合一的思想与西方占主导地位的主客二分的思想迥异,而与在西方被边缘化的历程哲学有内在的相通之处。基于西方主客二分观念的科学思想虽极大地促进了生产力的发展,但由此而导致的人的身心的分裂及环境污染等问题亦不容忽视。《周易》中的天人合一思想与历程哲学在弥补西方科学思想的不足方面可以发挥重要的作用。     

论儒家的自强人格及其培养

从心理学角度看,儒学主要体现了一种自强的人格心理学思想。仁爱人格、弘毅人格和革新人格是儒家自强人格的主要内容,其终极目标则是养成健全人格。儒家的自强人格既具有个人取向,也具有社会取向。它以个人取向为基础和出发点,以社会取向为最终目标,从个人取向逐渐扩展至社会取向。实践学习、克服偏私、正确处理理情关系和人际关系是培养儒家自强人格的4个主要途径     

德性儒学的成就、困境与走向

Beginning with the promotion of morality in Confucianism, a Neo-Confucian movement in modern Chinese philosophy was initiated, in which Confucianism underwent a transition from tradition to modernity. However, Moral Confucianism did not successfully develop the “new kingliness without” from its “sageliness within,” respond to modernization marked by science and democracy, and provide moral impetus for the development of a modern Chinese society or appeal to many beyond the small circle of “elite Confucianists.” The fundamental reason is that it was caught in a web of moral idealism, overemphasizing what ought to be without confronting what actually was. Translated by Huang Deyuan from Zhongguo Renmin Daxue Xuebao 中国人民大学学报 (Journal of Renmin University of China), 2006, (1): 9–15     

Filial piety dilemma solutions in Chinese adult children: The role of contextual theme,filial piety beliefs,and generation

Although some studies have revealed that traditional filial piety belief is weakening, few have explored whether and how the role of the belief in social life has changed correspondingly. The present study used questionnaires to examine solutions to filial piety dilemmas and the roles of contextual theme, filial piety beliefs, and generation in a sample of 123 young and 92 middle‐aged Chinese adults. With respect to the solutions adopted to solve parent?child conflicts, preferences varied depending on the dilemma themes. Specifically, participants were more likely to select a self‐sacrifice (rather than an ego‐centered) solution for respect dilemmas than for caring dilemmas, and least likely to do so for obedience dilemmas. Participants were also likely to select a balancing (rather than an ego‐centered) solution for respect or caring dilemmas than for obedience dilemmas. In addition, the concordance between beliefs and solutions was exhibited in reciprocal, but not authoritarian, filial piety beliefs. Individuals with stronger reciprocal filial piety beliefs were more likely to select self‐sacrifice or balancing solutions than ego‐centered solutions whereas authoritarian filial piety showed no influence on solutions for either young or middle‐aged adults. Furthermore, the generation effect was not significant, and the solution selection did not differ between young and middle‐aged adults.     

ESOTERIC CONFUCIANISM,MORAL DILEMMAS,AND FILIAL PIETY

Two controversial cases in Confucian literature present the demands of filial piety as conflicting with those of impartial justice. Let us call them the Case of Concealment (Analects 18.13) and the Case of Evasion (Mencius 7A53). A dogmatic reading of the texts indicates that both Confucius and Mencius give more weight to filial piety than to justice. This essay, however, provides an alternative reading of the cases: the liberal reading. I argue that the Confucian teachers used the cases as moral dilemmas that force Confucian students to learn how to use a cluster of Confucian virtues, including practical wisdom, discretion, and straight determination, under difficult circumstances. The liberal reading views these moral dilemmas as rhetorical tools; they guide Confucian students in meditative exercises and ultimately transform students’ mode of seeing and being.     

儒家道德情感论的核心特质及其内在理路

直下心源、直契本心是由孔子确立的儒家道德情感论的核心特质,孔子后学由此出发,基于天人合一的视域建构了诚学,将诚提升为了贯通天人、真实无妄的道德情感。儒家从质直、至诚之本心情感出发,涵养与推扩道德情感的内在理路可以概括为以下三个维度:第一,以反观内省的道德理性时时提撕和体认本心情感; 第二,以本心情感为体,以礼乐文化为用,以文质彬彬为旨归; 第三,以“亲亲而仁民,仁民而爱物”为路径,以四端之心为内在心理情感根据,在由近及远、由厚及薄、由亲及疏的无限推扩中实现对道德情感的涵养、提升与超越。     

明清之际伊斯兰教中国化的“以儒诠经”模式

明清之际的以儒诠经,内涵之中历史地出现了一个特殊知识群体,自然地包含有四个目的、两大手段和三种具体作为,用话语表述,该文化创造模式可以解释为:明清之际我国伊斯兰教的以儒诠经,是回儒这个文化兼通的特殊知识群体,立足中国,采用汉语,在本土社会语境中,对该宗教经义所做出的再诠释,过程中于公的目的是兴教、明道和补足百家之不足,于私的目的是立个人不朽之言,因而针对本土元素展开了批判(为先),继而有选择地加以借用和融会贯通,同时为伊斯兰教正本清源,再通过以文会友,最终收获了针对外教的释疑并取得某种认同,从而为伊斯兰教适应本土社会赢得了有利机会和条件。     

略谈孔子"论政"——兼论先秦儒家政治、伦理相贯通的伦理政治思想

本文考察了孔子“论政”和孟子“仁政”、荀子“礼治”以及儒家经典《大学》、《礼运》、《祭义》篇与《孝经》等所体现的政治与伦理相贯通的伦理政治思想,并从理论上分析了政治与伦理的区别和联系,以及评述了西方一些著名哲学家、伦理学家对政治与伦理相互关联的认识和论述。认为对先秦儒家政治伦理相贯通的伦理政治思想应给予历史主义的科学评价,肯定其所包含的民本、民主、贵民等积极因素,借鉴其德治与法治统一、个性完善与社会完善统一、物质追求与精神追求统一、理性主义与人文精神统一的安邦治国的慧识,为建设中国特色的政治文明和精神文明服务。