关于二类疫苗医疗损害责任类型化的思考

基于法的规范分析,二类疫苗预防接种损害责任的法律关系及性质比较复杂,体现了违约与侵权责任的竞合,兼具一般医疗技术损害责任和医疗产品责任的双重性质,由此导致其损害责任的构成要件、案由选择、法律适用及救济路径也各不相同。二类疫苗预防接种技术损害责任采用过错归责原则,而二类疫苗的产品损害责任适用无过错归责原则,疫苗的产品责任属于不真正连带责任。深入分析二类疫苗损害责任的性质,有助于厘清其损害责任的承担,促进其损害救济体系的完善。     

传统时空观下“左阳右阴”在中医学的化用

“左阳右阴”理论作为一种思想文化,其形成和发展不可避免地受到经济、政治、科技、思想运动、地理环境等社会与自然多方面因素的影响。鉴于传统时空观对中医学生命观存在指导意义,以时空观为出发点,窥探“左阳右阴”思想形成的自然缘由。这一思想化用于中医领域,演变为中医学认识人体、辨治疾病的重要理论,在脏腑、气血、病证等方面均有体现。关于“左血右气”与“左阳右阴”的矛盾现象,认为原因在于阐述的角度差异,两种理论具体应用时彼此支持,这是中医学立足于整体,论述气血阴阳浑为一体的具体体现。     

Numeracy in the jury box: Numerical ability,meaningful anchors,and damage award decision making

This project employs an experimental design to test theoretical predictions regarding how numeracy can assist jurors in determining damage awards to compensate a plaintiff for pain and suffering and how the use of meaningful numerical anchors may produce similar benefits. Mock jurors (N = 345) reviewed a legal case and were asked to give a dollar award to compensate the plaintiff for pain and suffering. The presence and nature of a numerical anchor and the duration of pain and suffering were manipulated. Participants' numeracy was measured. Results provided support for predictions. Jurors higher in numeracy gave awards that more appropriately reflected the duration of pain and suffering and showed less variability in awards. Similar benefits were obtained by exposing jurors to meaningful numerical anchors to help them contextualize dollar amounts. Thus, introducing meaningful anchors to jurors may provide similar benefits to numeracy, without the drawbacks associated with selecting only numerate jurors.     

Relationships between match activities and peak power output and Creatine Kinase responses to professional reserve team soccer match-play

The specific movement demands of soccer that are linked to post-match recovery and readiness to train are unclear. Therefore, we examined the relationship between Global Positioning System (GPS) variables and the change (Δ; from baseline) in Creatine Kinase (CK) concentrations and peak power output (PPO; during the countermovement jump) at 24 h and 48 h post-match. Fifteen English Premier League reserve team players were examined over 1–4 matches. Measurements of CK and PPO were taken before (24 h prior to match-play) and after (+24 h and +48 h) each game during which movement demands were quantified using 10 Hz GPS data. High intensity distance covered (r = 0.386, p = 0.029; r = −0.349; p = 0.050), high intensity distance covered⋅min⁻¹ (r = 0.365, p = 0.040; r = −0.364, p = 0.040), high speed running distance (r = 0.363, p = 0.041; r = −0.360, p = 0.043) and the number of sprints⋅min⁻¹ (r = 0.410, p = 0.020; r = −0.368, p = 0.038) were significantly related to ΔCK and ΔPPO at +24 h post-match, respectively. No relationships were observed between any match variables and ΔCK and ΔPPO after +48 h of recovery. These findings highlight that high intensity match activities are related to ΔCK and ΔPPO in the 24 h, but not 48 h, following soccer match-play. Such information is likely of interest to those responsible for the design of soccer player’s training schedules in the days following a match.     

Retention and thermal desorption of helium in pure tungsten

Tungsten (W) is cited as a candidate first-wall material in fusion reactors owing to its outstanding thermal properties and erosion resistance. An important issue is that the energetic isotopes of hydrogen, tritium (T) and deuterium (D) and helium (He) particles damage the surface of W in fusion reactors. He particles cause more notable damage than D or T because the binding energy of defects and He is larger than that of defects and D or T. In this study, well-annealed W specimens were implanted with 5 keV He ions at room temperature and irradiation dosages of 1.0 × 10²⁰ and 2.5 × 10²¹ ions/m². Then, thermal desorption spectroscopy analysis was performed by heating the samples to 1973 K at a ramping rate of 0.5 K/s. Thermal desorption of He in the sample irradiated with a low dosage occurred at 1400 and 1960 K, whereas that in the sample irradiated with a high dosage occurred at 740, 1050 and 1500 K. According to the microstructures observed using transmission electron microscopy, both peaks in the former case were attributed to He de-trapping from irradiation to nduced helium-vacancy clusters of different sizes, whereas the peaks in the latter case were attributed to He de-trapping from surface defects, irradiation-induced dislocation loops and tiny helium-vacancy clusters, respectively.     

Who's in power matters: System justification and system derogation in Hungary between 2002 and 2018

The present study employed European Social Survey (ESS) data collected between 2002 and 2018 to investigate system justification versus derogation in Hungary. In all nine ESS rounds, system derogation was stronger than system justification. System justification was consistently at its strongest among those who had voted for the ruling party, be it left-wing MSZP (until 2008) or right-wing Fidesz (2010 onward). This pattern can be explained by ego and group justification motives alone, with no need to posit an autonomous system justification motive. Voters of Jobbik, who were as right-wing as Fidesz voters, but whose party was not in power, did not believe the system to be any more just than did left-wing voters. Much of the research supporting system justification theory has been conducted in stable Western democracies. Our results highlight the need for research in more politically volatile contexts.     

Parametric effects of syntactic-semantic conflict in Broca's area during sentence processing

The hypothesized role of Broca’s area in sentence processing ranges from domain-general executive function to domain-specific computation that is specific to certain syntactic structures. We examined this issue by manipulating syntactic structure and conflict between syntactic and semantic cues in a sentence processing task. Functional neuroimaging revealed that activation within several Broca’s area regions of interest reflected the parametric variation in syntactic-semantic conflict. These results suggest that Broca’s area supports sentence processing by mediating between multiple incompatible constraints on sentence interpretation, consistent with this area’s well-known role in conflict resolution in other linguistic and non-linguistic tasks.     

Shape of prismatic dislocation loops in anisotropic α-Fe

Prismatic dislocation loops are the primary manifestation of radiation damage in crystals, and contribute to the phenomenon of radiation embrittlement. This undesirable effect, most serious for materials used in high-dose environments such as next-generation fission and future fusion reactors, results from the strong interaction between gliding dislocations, the carriers of plasticity, with the population of radiation-induced prismatic loops. Ferritic–martensitic steels, the most promising candidate materials for future high-dose applications, are based on iron and are known to become highly elastically-anisotropic at the high temperatures (>500°C) at which they must operate. In this article, we develop a novel modelling approach based on anisotropic elasticity theory to predict the shapes of prismatic loops in anisotropic crystals, paying particular attention to the technologically important case of α-iron. The results are compared with transmission electron microscope observations of the damage structure sustained by ultra-high-purity iron irradiated to a dose of approximately two displacements per atom.     

Retention and thermal desorption of helium in amorphous and crystalline FeBSi alloys

Helium retention in metals is related to their atomic structure and the type of defects they contain. In order to investigate the dependence of helium retention on structure, amorphous Fe₇₉B₁₆Si₅ and crystalline FeBSi alloys were irradiated by helium ions at room temperature. In the crystalline alloy irradiated with 5 keV He⁺ ions, three types of helium trapping sites were found: surface defects produced by the irradiation, interstitial-type dislocation loops, and voids. Although these defects did not exist in the amorphous FeBSi alloy, we did observe thermal desorption peaks related to all three types. In addition, helium was released during the crystallization of amorphous FeBSi that had been irradiated by He⁺ ions.     

Muscle Damaging Exercise Affects Isometric Force Fluctuation as well as Intraindividual Variability of Cognitive Function

Healthy untrained men (N = 11) were asked to perform 10 series of 12 repetitions of knee eccentric extension (EE) at 160° per second. Quadriceps muscle torques evoked by electrical stimulation at 20 Hz (P20) and 100 Hz (P100), maximal voluntary isometric contraction torque (MVC), maximal isokinetic concentric torque (IT) at 30° per second, voluntary activation index (VA), simple reaction time (RTs), complex reaction time (RTc), and torque variability at 30% of MVC were measured before EE, immediately after EE, and 60 min and 24 hr after EE. MVC, IT, P20, P100, and VA decreased significantly after EE and remained depressed 24 hr later. Torque variability increased significantly after EE. Average RTs and RTc did not change after EE, whereas intraindividual variability in RTs and RTc increased significantly after EE.