面孔社会知觉模型发展的回顾与展望

面孔作为一种复杂的特殊刺激,是人类表达自身情绪、认知他人情感的重要工具和途径。面孔识别是人类社会生活的一项重要技能,在缺乏外部线索时,它有助于我们对他人面孔的熟悉度、年龄和种族等方面有一个较明确的认识,从而更有利于人们社会交往和适应环境。大量研究表明,基于面孔的物理特征可以推断面孔所有者的内在特质,而这一推断又会影响个体的行为决策。因此,对面孔的认知不仅要关注面孔结构化特征,也要关注面孔社会化特征。针对面孔结构化特征,学者们提出了一些经典模型,如Bruce-Young模型、NBC模型等;针对面孔社会化特征,Alexander Todorov及其合作者采用主成分分析法,构建了包含信任度和支配度的面孔社会知觉“二维”模型。Clare A.M. Sutherland及其合作者提出,吸引力和信任度是两个独立的维度,由此构建了包含可接近性、年轻的—吸引力和支配度的面孔社会知觉“三维”模型。本文认为,面孔社会知觉模型从“二维”到“三维”的发展可以从吸引力和信任度两个维度的关系进行探讨。面孔在社会互动中传递着大量的信息,其中较为重要的是面孔信任度和面孔吸引力。其中,信任度评价具有决定性意义,信任一个不值得信任的人可能会给自身造成危害,而没信任一个值得信任的人往往意味着失去了合作的机会;吸引力评价则具有进化上的意义,吸引力往往与潜在配偶的繁殖能力有关,尤其体现在长期择偶关系之中。总结以往的面孔识别模型与本文介绍的面孔社会知觉模型,未来基于面孔特征的识别或特质推断可以从以下几方面进行思考：第一,选取生态化效度更高的面孔刺激材料;第二,进行跨文化检验模型的普适性;第三,从面孔识别模型向面孔社会知觉模型的发展需要进一步探索内在的认知神经机制;第四,进一步拓宽面孔社会知觉的研究领域。     

Investigating sexual harassment in online video games: How personality and context factors are related to toxic sexual behaviors against fellow players

Online video games are social spaces for players from around the world. They use this space to form communities, relationships, and identities. However, gaming communities are not always welcoming, and some are even perceived as being “toxic.” A prevalent issue is online sexual harassment, which is keeping many women from participating in the gaming community. Research on the factors contributing to the problem is limited, though. The present study replicates and expands previous research, using a sample of 856 online gamers. The study supports earlier findings that found hostile sexism and social dominance orientation as predictors of sexual harassment perpetration in online video games. In addition, we expanded the previous research with additional predictors: machiavellianism, psychopathy, and gamer identification predicted higher sexual harassment perpetration. Our results have implications for the gaming community's role in curtailing sexual harassment and making itself a more inclusive community.     

The Two Dimensions of Narcissistic Personality and Support for the Radical Right: The Role of Right-wing Authoritarianism,Social Dominance Orientation and Anti-immigrant Sentiment

This paper offers an explanation of the link between grandiose narcissism and support for radical right parties. Drawing on representative data of the GESIS Panel (N = 2827), focusing on support for the German radical right populist party Alternative for Germany in 2016 and treating grandiose narcissism as a two-dimensional concept, it is shown that the effects of grandiose narcissism are indirect rather than direct. The paper also reveals that it is mainly narcissistic rivalry that accounts for radical right party support, whereas narcissistic admiration has a protecting relationship. Finally, our results indicate that the indirect effects of narcissistic rivalry on radical right party support via right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation, respectively, are mediated by anti-immigrant sentiment. All in all, our results suggest that in studies on ideological orientations and voting behaviour, both dimensions of grandiose narcissism should be considered due to their contradictory relationship. Moreover, our findings indicate that the success of radical right parties might be the expression of personality dispositions of some parts of the electorate. © 2020 The Authors. European Journal of Personality published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of European Association of Personality Psychology     

Social dominance and priority of access to drinking in Lemur macaco

Social dominance was analyzed in a group of Lemur macaco over a one-year period. A gonistic dominance was assessed by computing a dominance index for each individual in baseline conditions and in a competitive drinking situation, where success was measured as the amount of time in possession of the resource (a hottle of fruit juice). Dominance indexes during drinking competition were significantly correlated with baseline dominance indexes but were not correlated with individual drinking success. Adult females were agonistically do, omsmy over all other individuals, but were frequently challenged by juveniles of both sexes for access to the drinking bottle. In males, there was a significant negative correlation between age and dominance indexes during competition tests, and between age and drinking success. Results are analysed in the ligh of recent theories concerning the emergence of female social dominance. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

On the (in)stability of dominance hierarchies in the cichlid fish Oreochromis mossambicus

Dominance hierarchies were studied during 8 weeks in eight heterosexual captive groups of Oreochromis mossambicus at the onset of sexual maturity. Linearity was assessed for each group on a weekly basis based on the Landau's index (h) and on the procedure described by Appleby [Appleby MC (1983): Animal Behaviour 31:600–608]. Week-to-week stability of the hierarchical structures was measured using the Burk's stability index (b) and Spearman rank correlation coefficients for the ranks of fishes in consecutive weeks. The two measures of stability showed a high level of concordance but the Spearman rank correlations were more conservative in detecting cases of stability. Although most dominance structures were linear they were unstable from week to week. Dominant individuals were less likely to experience rank reversals than subordinates. Rank reversals were especially likely among hierarchical neighbors. Dominance hierarchies did not stabilize in the time span of this study. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Force and dominance in the agonistic behavior of the freshwater crab Potamon fluviatile

In decapods, no analysis has ever been conducted of the force exerted by chelae, and the role that strength plays in the establishment of hierarchies. For this purpose, a device was designed to measure the force produced by the major chela in the freshwater crab Potamon fluviatile, where dominance hierarchy and agonistic behavioral patterns have previously been analyzed. Experiments showed that only in the females is strength the main factor influencing the outcome of contests. In males chela size more than chela strength is used to settle conflicts, together with other nonphysiognomic characteristics, molding the aggressive state of one individual, such as its history, including isolation from conspecifics, and possibly hormone concentration and metabolic levels.     

Lexicographic order preservation and stochastic dominance

Stochastic dominance concerns conditions on outcome probabilities that are necessary and sufficient for one act to be (strictly) preferred to another according to all preference relations that share certain properties, one of which customarily is an Archimedean property sufficient to entail existence of real-valued representations. We relax this assumption to permit linear lexicographic utility of finite and known dimensionality. In some situations, levels of the lexicographic hierarchy could correspond to explicit criteria or attributes. In our model, subjective probabilities emerge as matrix premultipliers of the outcome utility vectors. We thus obtain matrix probability generalizations of the familiar cumulative probability conditions for stochastic dominance.     

Visual dominance in the pigeon

In Experiment 1, three pigeons were trained to obtain grain by depressing one foot treadle in the presence of a 746-Hertz tone stimulus and by depressing a second foot treadle in the presence of a red light stimulus. Intertrial stimuli included white light and the absence of tone. The latencies to respond on auditory element trials were as fast, or faster, than on visual element trials, but pigeons always responded on the visual treadle when presented with a compound stimulus composed of the auditory and visual elements. In Experiment 2, pigeons were trained on the auditory-visual discrimination task using as trial stimuli increases in the intensity of auditory or visual intertrial stimuli. Again, pigeons showed visual dominance on subsequent compound stimulus test trials. In Experiment 3, on compound test trials, the onset of the visual stimulus was delayed relative to the onset of the auditory stimulus. Visual treadle responses generally occurred with delay intervals of less than 500 milliseconds, and auditory treadle responses generally occurred with delay intervals of greater than 500 milliseconds. The results are discussed in terms of Posner, Nissen, and Klein's (1976) theory of visual dominance in humans.     

Go With the Flow or Fight the Power? The Interactive Effects of Social Dominance Orientation and Perceived Injustice on Support for the Status Quo

Previous research in social dominance theory has found an asymmetry in the relationship between social dominance orientation (SDO) and various hierarchy-enhancing ideologies, such that the relationship between the two variables is significantly more positive among high-status group members than among low-status group members (Sidanius, Pratto, & Rabinowitz, 1994; Sidanius, Levin, & Pratto, 1996). Perceptions of systemic injustice toward one's ingroup may help to explain this ideological asymmetry. The hypothesis of a three-way interaction among group status, SDO, and perceived injustice was tested by using survey responses from American university students to predict opposition to hierarchy-attenuating policies as well as levels of patriotism. Analyses revealed the presence of a three-way interaction (ps < .05). Ethnic minority students who scored high on SDO did not always maintain conservative policy stances or strong patriotic attachments—it depends on their level of perceived injustice. Implications for social dominance theory and system-justification theory are discussed.     

The Hécaen-Zangwill legacy: Hemispheric dominance examined

The research of Henry Hécaen and Oliver Zangwill on patients with unilateral brain lesions in the later 1940s and early 1950s ushered in the modern era of investigation of hemispheric cerebral dominance. The field of inquiry expanded far beyond language and visual perception to encompass audition, somesthesis, motor performance, attentional processes, emotionality, and psychiatric disorders. The hundreds of studies dealing with the topic indicate that hemispheric dominance is not an all-or-none phenomenon and that, to some degree, it is an unstable phenomenon dependent upon bihemispheric factors. The basic cognitive processes that are preferentially mediated by each hemisphere and the factors that produce changes in performance still require adequate definition.Adapted from an invited address, Division 40, 1991 APA Convention, San Francisco.