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281.
Anne Schlottmann 《决策行为杂志》2000,13(1):77-89
Violations of utility are often attributed to people's differential reactions to risk versus certainty or uncertainty, or more generally to the way that people perceive outcomes and consequences. However, a core feature of utility is additivity, and violations may also occur because of averaging effects. Averaging is pervasive in intuitive riskless judgement throughout many domains, as shown with Anderson's Information Integration approach. The present study extends these findings to judgement under risk. Five‐ to 10‐year old children showed a disordinal violation of utility because they averaged the part worths of duplex gambles rather than add them, as adults do, and as normatively prescribed. Thus adults realized that two prizes are better than one, but children preferred a high chance to win one prize to the same gamble plus an additional small chance to win a second prize. This result suggests that an additive operator may not be a natural component of the intuitive psychological concept of expected value that emerges in childhood. The implications of a developmental perspective for the study of judgement and decision are discussed. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
282.
This paper offers an explanation of the link between grandiose narcissism and support for radical right parties. Drawing on representative data of the GESIS Panel (N = 2827), focusing on support for the German radical right populist party Alternative for Germany in 2016 and treating grandiose narcissism as a two-dimensional concept, it is shown that the effects of grandiose narcissism are indirect rather than direct. The paper also reveals that it is mainly narcissistic rivalry that accounts for radical right party support, whereas narcissistic admiration has a protecting relationship. Finally, our results indicate that the indirect effects of narcissistic rivalry on radical right party support via right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation, respectively, are mediated by anti-immigrant sentiment. All in all, our results suggest that in studies on ideological orientations and voting behaviour, both dimensions of grandiose narcissism should be considered due to their contradictory relationship. Moreover, our findings indicate that the success of radical right parties might be the expression of personality dispositions of some parts of the electorate. © 2020 The Authors. European Journal of Personality published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of European Association of Personality Psychology 相似文献
283.
Manuel Oliveira Teresa Garcia-Marques Leonel Garcia-Marques Ron Dotsch 《European journal of social psychology》2020,50(2):463-483
In this article we directly assessed the relationship between valence and relevant traits of the Big Two dimensions (i.e., communion and agency). Drawing on previous research, we expected that the relationship with valence would be less monotonous and more variable in direction across agency-related traits, compared to communion-related traits. In three repeated measures studies we assessed the perceived valence of each trait dimension on a continuum of seven points. Studies 1 and 2 defined each continuum verbally. In Study 3 each continuum was defined by facial features. Results across these studies show that valence is linearly and more consistently related with communion-related traits than with agency-related traits. Within agency, however, competence established a positive linear relationship with valence, whereas dominance showed a target-sensitive relationship with valence: quadratic in evaluation of trait concepts, and negative and linear in face evaluation. We discuss the implications of these data for Big Two-related research. 相似文献
284.
面孔作为一种复杂的特殊刺激,是人类表达自身情绪、认知他人情感的重要工具和途径。面孔识别是人类社会生活的一项重要技能,在缺乏外部线索时,它有助于我们对他人面孔的熟悉度、年龄和种族等方面有一个较明确的认识,从而更有利于人们社会交往和适应环境。大量研究表明,基于面孔的物理特征可以推断面孔所有者的内在特质,而这一推断又会影响个体的行为决策。因此,对面孔的认知不仅要关注面孔结构化特征,也要关注面孔社会化特征。针对面孔结构化特征,学者们提出了一些经典模型,如Bruce-Young模型、NBC模型等;针对面孔社会化特征,Alexander Todorov及其合作者采用主成分分析法,构建了包含信任度和支配度的面孔社会知觉“二维”模型。Clare A.M. Sutherland及其合作者提出,吸引力和信任度是两个独立的维度,由此构建了包含可接近性、年轻的—吸引力和支配度的面孔社会知觉“三维”模型。本文认为,面孔社会知觉模型从“二维”到“三维”的发展可以从吸引力和信任度两个维度的关系进行探讨。面孔在社会互动中传递着大量的信息,其中较为重要的是面孔信任度和面孔吸引力。其中,信任度评价具有决定性意义,信任一个不值得信任的人可能会给自身造成危害,而没信任一个值得信任的人往往意味着失去了合作的机会;吸引力评价则具有进化上的意义,吸引力往往与潜在配偶的繁殖能力有关,尤其体现在长期择偶关系之中。总结以往的面孔识别模型与本文介绍的面孔社会知觉模型,未来基于面孔特征的识别或特质推断可以从以下几方面进行思考:第一,选取生态化效度更高的面孔刺激材料;第二,进行跨文化检验模型的普适性;第三,从面孔识别模型向面孔社会知觉模型的发展需要进一步探索内在的认知神经机制;第四,进一步拓宽面孔社会知觉的研究领域。 相似文献
285.
Six male mice placed in a large, moderately complex enclosure formed a stable dominance hierarchy in which two mice defended adjacent floor areas and the remaining four mice were subordinate and did not form territories. Intruder mice with winning or losing experience in prior paired encounters, or those with no fighting experience, were introduced individually into the colony for 30 minute periods. These intruders were attacked by the dominant members of the colony, and the fighting outcomes were strongly dependent upon the fighting experience of the intruder. Intruders with losing or no fighting experience engaged in little mutual fighting with residents, were easily defeated, and terminated attacks by engaging in subordinate behaviors. Intruders with winning experience fought vigorously with residents, attacked and, in many cases, defeated residents. These results suggest that relatively little winning experience gained in earlier paired encounters may be sufficient to overcome the various fighting advantages enjoyed by a dominant territorial holding member of a colony. 相似文献
286.
Xingbo Li Michael J. Barone Shailendra P. Jain Mina Kwon 《Journal of Consumer Psychology》2021,31(1):55-71
The current research investigates when and how comparative advertising effectiveness is shaped by social dominance orientation (SDO), that is, the degree to which one desires to maintain the status quo in social hierarchies. We examine these issues with regard to “challenger vs. leader” comparisons that seek to change the relative standing of competitors in a product category by documenting the superiority of challenger brands over market leaders. Findings demonstrate that the resistance to change characterizing high (vs. low) SDO individuals makes them respond (1) less favorably to “challenger vs. leader” comparisons that seek to alter the existing category hierarchy and (2) more favorably to “leader vs. challenger” comparisons that preserve this status quo in the category hierarchy. The theoretical implications of these findings are discussed, as are avenues for future research. 相似文献
287.
288.
University socialization and the acceptance of anti‐egalitarian ideology: The underlying role of extrinsic life goals
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Past research suggests that students in social science often become more egalitarian while students in business and economics show a trend in the opposite direction. Using a cross‐sectional study in which we compared first and third year students from different academic environments, we wanted to explore these issues and to test whether life goals may account for potential ideological differences among them. Psychology and economics students at first and third year of their respective academic group completed both the Aspiration index and social dominance orientation scale. Consistent with the socialization hypothesis, economics students reported higher levels of social dominance orientation than psychology students but only at the third year of study. A similar pattern of results was observed for extrinsic life goals (but no differences were found for intrinsic life goals). Importantly, the interaction between academic year and academic major on social dominance orientation was mediated by the measure of extrinsic life goals. 相似文献
289.
Heightened male aggression toward sexualized women following romantic rejection: The mediating role of sex goal activation
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290.