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排序方式: 共有260条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
41.
42.
Beebe B Badalamenti A Jaffe J Feldstein S Marquette L Helbraun E Demetri-Friedman D Flaster C Goodman P Kaminer T Kaufman-Balamuth L Putterman J Stepakoff S Ellman L 《Journal of psycholinguistic research》2008,37(5):293-307
The prediction of events and the creation of expectancies about their time course is a crucial aspect of an infant's mental life, but temporal mechanisms underlying these predictions are obscure. Scalar timing, in which the ratio of mean durations to their standard deviations is held constant, enables a person to use an estimate of the mean for its standard deviation. It is one efficient mechanism that may facilitate predictability and the creation of expectancies in mother-infant interaction. We illustrate this mechanism with the dyadic gaze rhythm of mother and infant looking at and looking away from each other's faces. Two groups of Hi- and Lo-Distress mothers were created using self-reported depression, anxiety, self-criticism and childhood experiences. Lo-Distress infants (controls) used scalar timing 100% of the time, about double that of Hi-Distress infants. Lo-Distress mothers used scalar timing about nine times as much as Hi-Distress mothers. The diminished use of scalar timing patterns in Hi-Distress mothers and infants may make the anticipation of each other's gaze patterns more difficult for both partners. 相似文献
43.
Rutter M 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2008,36(7):969-975
Gene–environment interaction (G × E) has been treated as both a statistical phenomenon and a biological reality. It is argued
that, although there are important statistical issues that need to be considered, the focus has to be on the biological implications
of G × E. Four reports of G × E deriving from the Dunedin longitudinal study are used as exemplars of the biological considerations
that should lead to an hypothesis-driven choice of the specific genetic polymorphisms and the specific environmental influence
to be investigated. The same four studies are used to discuss how the assessment of internal and external validity can be
undertaken and how experimental approaches in humans and with animal models may be informative in the elucidation of the relevant
operative biological mechanisms. 相似文献
44.
关于安慰剂效应的研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
安慰剂效应是指由安慰剂所引起的可观察的行为.本文讨论了安慰剂效应的确切定义,安慰剂效应的强度差异,以及临床背景、患者的人格特质、安慰剂的特征和医患关系等因素对安慰剂效应的影响.目前研究者普遍认为安慰剂效应通过期待和条件作用产生.近期的一个研究热点是疼痛和帕金森氏症背景下期待引起的安慰剂效应的神经机制. 相似文献
45.
Russell H. Tuttle 《Zygon》2006,41(1):139-168
Abstract. I selectively and critically review the state of knowledge about human evolution and the place of humans vis‐à‐vis living apes, with emphasis on bipedal posture and locomotion, expansion of the brain and associated cognitive capacities, speech, tool behavior, culture, and society. I end with a personal perspective on God and Heaven. 相似文献
46.
Cognitive theories propose that the resolution of ambiguity is related to the maintenance of social anxiety. A sentence completion task was used to examine how individuals high (n=26) and low (n=23) in social anxiety resolve ambiguous social sentences. Individuals were asked to generate as many responses as came to mind for each sentence, and then to endorse the response that best completes the sentence. Total responses, first responses, and endorsed responses were examined separately. Results indicated that high anxious individuals had more negative and anxious responses and fewer positive and neutral responses than low anxious individuals on all sentence completion measures. In contrast, a self-report measure of interpretation bias indicated that more of negative and anxious appraisals were related to social anxiety, while positive and neutral appraisals were not. Results are discussed in terms of a multi-stage processing model of interpretation biases. 相似文献
47.
This study compared the cognitive control skills of male incarcerated adolescents (n = 44), male control adolescents (n = 33), male incarcerated young adults (n = 41), and male control young adults (n = 35) using the AX-continuous performance test (AX-CPT). This test measures proactive control (the ability to maintain a mental representation of goal-related information in preparation for a behavioral response) and reactive control (the ability to activate goal-related information in response to an external trigger). Incarcerated individuals had more difficulty implementing proactive control, whereas control individuals had more difficulty implementing reactive control. Adolescents had more difficulty with both reactive and proactive control compared with young adults, suggesting that both skills improve with age. Additional analyses indicated that the effect of age on proactive control was due to the presence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, whereas the effect of age on reactive control appeared to be a natural developmental trend that could not be explained by other variables. These findings are considered in relation to the dual mechanisms of control theory [Braver, T. S., Gray, J. R., & Burgess, G. C. (2007). Explaining the many varieties of working memory variation: Dual mechanisms of cognitive control. In A. R. A. Conway, C. Jarrold, M. J. Kane, A. Miyake, & J. N. Towse (Eds.), Variation in Working Memory. New York: Oxford University Press.]. 相似文献
48.
Current status of the motor program: Revisited 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
The motor program is a concept that has had a major influence on theorizing in the field of motor control. However, there has been a lack of consensus as to what exactly is a motor program and its role in movement organization and execution. In 1994 Morris, Summers, Matyas, and Iansek concluded from a review of the application of the motor program concept in the field of physical therapy that continued use of the term may impede progress in the field. In this paper we examine what has happened to the motor program concept in the thirteen years since the previous evaluation. The review indicates that although the term is still being used in different ways, the theoretical existence of a motor program appears to be generally accepted by researchers in experimental psychology, movement science, and neurophysiology. The recent development of powerful brain imaging techniques may allow determination of whether the motor program should be regarded as a metaphorical or literal concept. 相似文献
49.
David Reiss 《心理学报》2008,40(10):1099-1105
双生子与养子女的研究尤其能对环境影响的机制提供证据。本文扼要地概述了“非共享环境与青少年发展”(NEAD)计划的部分研究成果,特别是子代对父代影响的成果,同时本文也讨论了今后计量行为遗传学的可能走向 相似文献
50.
大众与个人的审美品位分别代表了审美活动在个体间的一致性和差异性。将大众品位和个人品位相结合的新趋势正在挑战传统的"普遍性"审美法则,并日益凸显审美反应的个体差异。存在诸多因素可以调节大众和个人审美品位的相对比例,包括刺激类型、专业性、文化背景、先前经验和年龄等。大众与个人审美品位的神经机制中,奖赏系统和默认模式网络扮演重要角色。目前,审美品位与审美加工模型的理论关系有待进一步厘清和验证。未来相关研究可以在拓展审美对象领域、完善大众与个人审美品位与不同审美加工阶段的对应关系等方向上继续开展。 相似文献