失望情境下小学儿童情绪表达规则的运用

以91名小学一、三、五年级儿童为被试,采用故事访谈法探讨了失望情境下儿童情绪表达规则运用的发展特点及其影响因素。结果表明:(1)从一年级到五年级,小学儿童在失望情景下的真实情绪和表面情绪都变得越来越积极,且失望情境下无论是在真实情绪上还是在表面情绪上,都没有表现出显著的性别差异;(2)三种人际关系类型下儿童的表面情绪和真实情绪都表现出极大的差异,而且人际关系类型不同儿童使用表达规则的情况也有很大不同,这可以用儿童情绪调节策略的不同来解释;(3)失望情境下,儿童情绪表达规则的使用受到不同人际类型的影响,这可能与儿童对情绪表达社会影响的不同预期有关;(4)儿童的情绪表达目标不受其所处的人际关系类型影响,且不同人际关系下儿童的情绪表达目标不受其年级、性别的影响。     

Local and global reference frames for environmental spaces

Two experiments examined how locations in environmental spaces, which cannot be overseen from one location, are represented in memory: by global reference frames, multiple local reference frames, or orientation-free representations. After learning an immersive virtual environment by repeatedly walking a closed multisegment route, participants pointed to seven previously learned targets from different locations. Contrary to many conceptions of survey knowledge, local reference frames played an important role: Participants performed better when their body or pointing targets were aligned with the local reference frame (corridor). Moreover, most participants turned their head to align it with local reference frames. However, indications for global reference frames were also found: Participants performed better when their body or current corridor was parallel/orthogonal to a global reference frame instead of oblique. Participants showing this pattern performed comparatively better. We conclude that survey tasks can be solved based on interconnected local reference frames. Participants who pointed more accurately or quickly additionally used global reference frames.     

The importance of emotional display rules for employee well-being: A multi-group comparison

‘Serving with a smile’ has generally been associated with negative effects for employee well-being. The present study investigated whether emotional display rules also relate to positive outcomes by distinguishing demands to suppress negative emotional response (negative display rules) from demands to express positive emotions (positive display rules). In line with the job demands-resources model, outcomes involved emotional exhaustion and work engagement. Participants were employees in three occupational groups in the human service profession: sales (N?=?480), healthcare (N?=?399), and education (N?=?220). The outcomes of a multi-group analysis in LISREL revealed for all three occupational groups that negative display rules were related to emotional exhaustion while positive display rules were associated with work engagement. Together, these findings suggest that ‘serving with a smile’ can enhance employee well-being, when the emphasis is on showing positive affects instead of suppressing negative affects.     

Réalité virtuelle et santé des personnes âgées institutionnalisées. Vers un EHPAD 2.0 ?

Virtual reality (VR) is used in general health care: prevention, physical medicine, chronic and acute pain, quality of life in palliative care, and in psychiatry: anxiety, depression, addiction, psychosis. Our objective is showing VR using among elderly people in French retirement home. Virtual reality is showing efficacy as distraction, anti-pain, tranquillising, antidepressant methods. It should be an answer to many elderly health problems. VR is easy to use, with low side effects. Non-drug treatments among elderly people are recommended. Used as complementary or alternative medicine, VR must be shaped for using with old and fragile people in retirement home.     

Effects of pH on the rate of aggressive display for mirror image reinforcement in siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens)

A hypothesis suggesting that fluctuations in hydrogen ion (pH) intensity may suppress the rate of aggressive display in Betta splendens was offered. The effect of pH upon the rate of ring swimming for aggression-releasing mirror image presentation was therefore investigated under pH intensities of 5.0, 7.0, and 9.0 in a steady-state design. The results indicated no significant variation in the rate of response over pH levels. Two possible mechanisms of pH resistance are discussed.     

The influence of a pedestrian countdown display on pedestrian behavior at signalized pedestrian crossings

Pedestrian behavior has been a subject of surveys carried out at two signalized pedestrian crossings, in the city of Doboj (BIH, Republic of Srpska). The analysis is made on the basis of video recordings, and includes behavior at pedestrian crossings, in various conditions (two locations, different vehicle flows, with or without a countdown display). The analysis also includes the distribution of illegal crossings (at the pedestrian red light) of different categories of pedestrians (gender, age), before and after the installation of a pedestrian countdown display, at two different pedestrian crossings. The results of the study have shown that a countdown display reduces statistically significantly the total number of violators, regardless of its location and traffic flow. However, this reduction is not the same at various categories of pedestrians (male, female, elderly, young people). The influence of the display has been particularly dominant at the pedestrian crossing located outside the centre of the city, with the smaller intensity of traffic. Children pedestrians do not accept the behavior in accordance with the countdown display in case of a reduced intensity of traffic, at a pedestrian crossing located in the backstreet. A countdown display does not statistically significantly change the distribution form of the number of offences during the red light for pedestrians, regardless of the pedestrian environment. However, there is a statistically significant difference in certain intervals (during the first and last 4 s) in the total distribution, as well as in the categories (female pedestrians, children). A countdown display does not reduce the overall number of “slow” pedestrians, but the impact on certain categories of “slow” pedestrians (gender/children), as well as on pedestrian violators, per age categories, varies depending on the location and traffic flow at an intersection.     

The effects of gender differences on the usability of automotive on-board navigation systems – A comparison of 2D and 3D display

This study integrated gender with the user interface of automotive on-board navigation systems to analyze whether gender differences or 2D (2 dimensional) vs. 3D (3 dimensional) display affect the interface usability of an on-board car navigation system (CNS). An experimental design was adopted for collecting data from three tasks – locating points, planning routes, and searching polygons – each emphasizing a different aspect of way-finding. The participants reported their subjective usability via the System Usability Scale after each trial. Study results show that gender, the CNS interface the subject used, and a combination of both predict the usability of an on-board CNS. This study’s results provide a clearer understanding of whether manufacturers should develop interfaces that fit a CNS 2D or 3D display based on gender.