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221.
The hypothesis tested was that authoritarian personalities prefer the natural sciences (specifically biology and chemistry) and nonauthoritarian personalities choose the social sciences and humanities (specifically, psychology and philosophy). The results strongly supported the hypothesis. Since the study was conducted on freshmen students in Israel who select their department at the time they apply for admission to the university, the results were interpreted as indicating that authoritarians choose professions different from nonauthoritarians.  相似文献   
222.
Sixty-one enuretic children were allocated sequentially to ‘standard’, ‘intermittent’ or ‘overlearning’ bell and pad treatment. The results suggest that the ‘overlearning’ modification of standard treatment was successful in bringing about a reduction in the relapse rate. The present status and implications of research into nocturnal enuresis were discussed in the light of the results of the investigation.  相似文献   
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224.
Nonmetric multidimensional scaling is expounded as a methodology for investigating memory development. Judgements of similarities between complex objects were obtained from 5-year-olds and adults under two conditions: (1) when objects were simultaneously present at the time of comparison, and (2) when the objects were not simultaneously present and had to be compared on the basis of short-term memory. Scaling solutions for similarity judgments by each age group in the two conditions were obtained. Comparison within each age group of the configurations from the memory condition with the simultaneous condition indicated that the internal representations of both children and adults contained much of the information the subjects extracted from the stimuli during “direct” perception. The scaling techniques, which could be widely applied in developmental studies of memory and perception, are explained and critically discussed.  相似文献   
225.
Two experimetnal tests were conducted of a model which predicts social comparison choices of extreme scores on a personality inventory. In groups of nine, subjects completed a bogus personality inventory that ostensibly measured a desirable or undesirable trait, and were told that either the highest or the lowest obtained score was a positive instance of the trait. The highest score was located for the subjects either with certainty or uncertainty, and the two experiments employed different manipulations of this factor. In both experiments the pattern of subjects' social comparison choices of other subjects' scores was fit best by a model comprising main effects of each factor and interactions between desirability and positive instance and between desirability and certainty.  相似文献   
226.
The Minnesota Job Requirements Questionnaire (MJRQ) was developed and administered to supervisors of 11 selected jobs who rated the ability requirements of the job they supervised. The MJRQ represented each of nine GATB aptitudes by five items in a Likert-type format. MJRQ ratings were compared with expert ratings in the Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT) and Occupational Ability Patterns (OAPs) derived from administration of the General Aptitude Test Battery (GATB). Reliability of MJRQ ratings was shown by high Hoyt reliability coefficients. Comparison of mean ratings and variabilities of ratings by supervisors in a job showed construct validity for the MJRQ approach, as did intercorrelations of MJRQ ratings. OAPs derived from the MJRQ compared favorably with those derived from the GATB and DOT, showing promise for the parsimonious MJRQ approach to the development of OAPs.  相似文献   
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The possible relationship between Holland types and the Basic Interest Scales of the SVIB was explored. The VPI and the SVIB were administered to 432 male freshmen at the University of North Dakota. Each subject was classified into one of the six types on the basis of his highest VPI T score.Scores on the twenty-two BIS were analyzed for differences among the six personality types by means of a multiple regression equivalence of the one-way analysis of variance. Twenty-one of the 22 F tests and 19 of the Scheffe multiple Comparisons among the means were significant. The results support both Holland's typology and his hexagonal model of relationships among the types and suggest their use in the interpretation of the BIS.  相似文献   
229.
Cardiac and behavioral reactions of 5- and 9-month-old infants placed directly atop the two sides of the visual cliff were studied. Evidence of a developmental shift in infant responses on the deep side of the cliff was obtained in heart rate, which shifted from the deceleration previously obtained with younger subjects, to the acceleration obtained with the 9-month-olds of the present study. Behaviorally, visual attention on the two sides was similar at 5 months, but differed at 9 months, being significantly greater on the deep side. Limb movement showed less of an increase on the deep side than on the shallow at both ages tested. Negative vocalization and positive vocalization recordings failed to show any significant effects. The cardiac data are interpreted as indicating a possible shift from attentiveness to fearfulness on the deep side with age.  相似文献   
230.
With the component selection measure developed by Hale and Morgan (1973), children's use of selective attention was assessed at six levels of learning, ranging from undertraining to overtraining, and this function was examined at each of ages 4, 8, and 12. It was found that, as the children learned the task, they maintained a relatively wide focus of attention, acquiring information about both features of the stimuli, color and shape. Thus, contrary to the model under investigation, the children did not exercise a high degree of selectivity as they approached mastery of the task; nor did overtraining produce the expected “broadening” of attention, as the children acquired little stimulus information beyond the point at which criterion had been reached. The data were interpreted to be more consistent with a model that assumes the bulk of stimulus learning to occur prior to task mastery.  相似文献   
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