论汉代易学文化解释功能的扩张

《周易》尊崇的经典地位是在西汉时期确立的,汉《易》之特色在于象数学大昌。汉代易学既以其哲理观念的宏观层面的影响,更以其卦爻符号、象数模式的具体形态的影响,介入政治、经济、军事、伦理等核心领域,也介入天文历法、物候气象、灾异、医药等自然科学领域,还介入音乐、文学、建筑等艺术领域,表现出易学文化解释功能的扩张。汉代易学文化解释功能之扩张,对当时及后世均产生极大的影响,具有独特的文化意义。     

Performance on Stroop‐like assessments of inhibitory control by 4‐ and 5‐year‐old children

The rapid development of an aspect of executive functioning (EF), inhibitory control (IC), between the ages of 3‐ and 5‐years, leads to an increase in a child's capacity to suppress inappropriate responding and therefore activate the necessary resources to carry‐out goal‐directed activity (Psychological Bulletin, 1997, 121 , 65–94). To measure EF in children, tasks administered clinically to adults are adapted. The Day–Night Stroop (DNS) is a pictorial modification of the Stroop Test (Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1935, 18 , 642–662), developed for pre‐literate children. Although suitable as a measure of IC in 3‐ to 4‐year‐old children, ceiling effects have been reported on the DNS in slightly older preschoolers. The present study attempted to overcome this limitation by examining the suitability of two modified versions of the DNS in 4‐ to 5‐year‐old preschoolers. To investigate the executive demands made by both Stroop‐like tasks, their associations with another measure of IC (stop‐signal task) and a measure of working memory were examined. Counter to expectations, no significant association was found in performance between the two Stroop‐like tasks; however, the modified DNS developed in this study showed significant relationships with the other executive tasks. The results are discussed in relation to the different methodologies used by these Stroop measures. Implications of this study suggest that researchers should consider more test‐specific factors when assessing EF in young children. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Prior sensitivity in theory testing: An apologia for the Bayes factor

A commonly voiced concern with the Bayes factor is that, unlike many other Bayesian and non-Bayesian quantitative measures of model evaluation, it is highly sensitive to the parameter prior. This paper argues that, when dealing with psychological models that are quantitatively instantiated theories, being sensitive to the prior is an attractive feature of a model evaluation measure. This assertion follows from the observation that in psychological models parameters are not completely unknown, but correspond to psychological variables about which theory often exists. This theory can be formally captured in the prior range and prior distribution of the parameters, indicating which parameter values are allowed, likely, unlikely and forbidden. Because the prior is a vehicle for expressing psychological theory, it should, like the model equation, be considered as an integral part of the model. It is argued that the combined practice of building models using informative priors, and evaluating models using prior sensitive measures advances knowledge.     

Sequential learning models for the Wisconsin card sort task: Assessing processes in substance dependent individuals

The Wisconsin card sort task (WCST) is a commonly used neuropsychological test of executive or frontal lobe functioning. Traditional behavioral measures from the task (e.g., perseverative errors) distinguish healthy controls from clinical populations, but such measures can be difficult to interpret. In an attempt to supplement traditional measures, we developed and tested a family of sequential learning models that allowed for estimation of processes at the individual subject level in the WCST. Testing the model with substance dependent individuals and healthy controls, the model parameters significantly predicted group membership, even when controlling for traditional behavioral measures from the task. Substance dependence was associated with (a) slower attention shifting following punished trials and (b) reduced decision consistency. Results suggest that model parameters may offer both incremental content validity and incremental predictive validity.     

The effects of a local negative feedback function between choice and relative reinforcer rate

Four pigeons were trained on two-key concurrent variable-interval schedules with no changeover delay. In Phase 1, relative reinforcers on the two alternatives were varied over five conditions from .1 to .9. In Phases 2 and 3, we instituted a molar feedback function between relative choice in an interreinforcer interval and the probability of reinforcers on the two keys ending the next interreinforcer interval. The feedback function was linear, and was negatively sloped so that more extreme choice in an interreinforcer interval made it more likely that a reinforcer would be available on the other key at the end of the next interval. The slope of the feedback function was -1 in Phase 2 and -3 in Phase 3. We varied relative reinforcers in each of these phases by changing the intercept of the feedback function. Little effect of the feedback functions was discernible at the local (interreinforcer interval) level, but choice measured at an extended level across sessions was strongly and significantly decreased by increasing the negative slope of the feedback function.     

医患交流中“重复”现象的会话分析

“重复”是话语研究的重要话题,分析医患交流中的重复可以体现出医患的地位与关系。参考会话分析研究方法,纳入了28篇真实场景下生殖医学诊所的医患和护患对话,对其中的“重复”现象进行了分析和解读。用ATLAS.ti定性分析软件对会话中的“重复主体”、“重复功能”等进行分级编码,呈现出各类重复在会话中的分布情况,再现了医生和患者所采用的不同重复类型。揭示了对话中医患双方之间的话语权以及知识不对等关系,并为改善医生和患者的言语沟通提出了相应的建议,以帮助双方更有效地开展交流、建立更好的医患关系。     

Accelerated muscle contractility and decreased muscle steadiness following sauna recovery do not induce greater neuromuscular fatigability during sustained submaximal contractions

Acute whole-body hyperthermia (WBH) increases blood markers concentration of stress, impairs motor drive to exercising muscles, and decreases resistance to neuromuscular fatigability. The functional natural residual consequences of WBH on neuromuscular functions remain unclear. We aimed to investigate the effects of residual WBH on voluntary and electrically induced ankle plantar flexor contractility properties, motor drive transmission (reflexes), muscle torque steadiness, resistance to neuromuscular fatigability, and markers of stress as the body temperature recovers naturally to normothermia. WBH was induced by Finnish sauna bathing in 16 apparently healthy young (24 ± 4 years) adult men. Motor performance was monitored before and 2 h after the sauna, and immediately after submaximal exercise (120 s at 50% of maximal voluntary contraction). Markers of stress were monitored before and 2 h after the sauna. Finnish sauna exposure induced moderate to severe WBH (rectal temperature, 38.5–39.6 °C). At 2 h after the sauna, rectal temperature had recovered to the preheating level (preheating 37.11 ± 0.33 °C versus postheating 37.00 ± 0.29 °C, p > .05). Post-sauna recovery was accompanied by slowed salivary free cortisol diurnal kinetics, whereas noradrenaline, dopamine, and serotonin did not persist into the 2 h recovery after the sauna. Although recovery to normothermia after a sauna led to a greater acceleration of muscle contractility properties and decreased muscle steadiness, sustained isometric submaximal contraction did not provoke greater neuromuscular fatigability.     

基于即时反馈的反应抑制训练对青少年和成人执行功能的训练效应和迁移效应

本研究以基于即时反馈的StopSignal范式为训练任务,考察3周训练是否对青少年和成人的执行功能产生训练效应和迁移效应。发现青少年、成人实验组和积极控制组都出现了训练效应。两个实验组均产生了对反应抑制Go/No-go任务的迁移效应;但只有青少年实验组出现了对干扰抑制Stroop任务的迁移效应。成人实验组和积极控制组都出现了对2-back任务的迁移效应;但只有青少年实验组出现了在2-和3-back任务上的迁移效应。所有组别都未能出现对推理能力的迁移。研究证明从青春期到成年期,基于即时反馈的反应抑制训练能够对执行功能产生训练和迁移效应,但迁移仅限于抑制和工作记忆等基础成分,无法改善推理能力。     

多元语言文化对个体情境下与社会情境下认知转换功能的差异性影响——来自锡伯族的证据

多民族国家由多个民族和族群组成。个体处于各种民族关系或族群关系中,需要与其他民族或族群的人协作。"西迁"使我国的锡伯族分居于新疆和东北,走上了不同的发展道路。新疆锡伯族处于多元语言文化中,不仅保留了本民族的语言和文字,也汲取了周边民族的语言文化营养;而东北锡伯族则与汉族融合,逐渐失去了本民族的语言和文字,转用汉语和汉字。采用经典认知转换任务和联合认知转换任务,对比新疆锡伯族和东北锡伯族在个体情境下和社会情境下的认知转换功能差异,探讨多元语言文化对个体情境下与社会情境下认知转换功能的影响。结果发现,在个体情境下,新疆锡伯族的转换代价更小;在社会情境下,新疆锡伯族的联合机制更容易被激活,他们分配认知资源去表征同伴的任务,自我–他人的整合程度更高,转换代价更大。整个研究表明,多元语言文化对认知转换功能具有不同的影响:促进个体情境下的认知转换功能,降低社会情境下的认知转换功能。本研究的结果为多民族国家的文化和心理建设提供了重要启示。