The relationship between pay and job satisfaction: A meta-analysis of the literature

Whereas the motivational aspects of pay are well-documented, the notion that high pay leads to high levels of satisfaction is not without debate. The current study used meta-analysis to estimate the population correlation between pay level and measures of pay and job satisfaction. Cumulating across 115 correlations from 92 independent samples, results suggested that pay level was correlated .15 with job satisfaction and .23 with pay satisfaction. Various moderators of the relationship were investigated. Despite the popular theorizing, results suggest that pay level is only marginally related to satisfaction. Theoretical and practical implications of the results are discussed.     

Development of specialization scales for the MSPI: A comparison of empirical and inductive strategies

An empirical measurement model for interest inventory construction uses internal criteria whereas an inductive measurement model uses external criteria. The empirical and inductive measurement models are compared and contrasted and then two models are assessed through tests of the effectiveness and economy of scales for the Medical Specialty Preference Inventory (Zimney, 1979). The empirical results clearly demonstrate the advantages of using an empirical model for occupational interest inventory construction, whether alone or in conjunction with an inductive model. Furthermore, the results indicated that the empirical model may be used to resolve the long-standing problems in constructing predictive inventories for specialty choice within an occupation.     

Analyse interlocutoire d’une plainte exprimée par une équipe mobile de soins palliatifs

This article points out the merits of conducting an interlocutory analysis of a group meeting held between two administrations of a questionnaire. Here, the Company Climate Questionnaire was filled out individually by the members of the group before and after the meeting. Changed attitudes toward the supervisory staff were observed after the discussion. All participants were members of a mobile palliative care team at a university hospital. The verbal interaction analysis allowed us to identify the collaborative facet of the complaint that surfaced, and to determine what inter - subjective processes arising during the group discussion triggered the expressed changes of opinion.     

Priming attachment security improves attitudes towards a range of therapies

We sought to understand how attachment orientation influenced attitudes towards different types of psychological therapies. In two studies, we (1) examined attachment orientation as a predictor of attitudes towards different therapies and (2) tested whether attachment security priming could improve attitudes. Study 1 (n = 339) found associations between attachment orientation and attitudes towards, and likelihood of using different therapies. Positive and negative attitudes about different therapies mediated the relationship between attachment avoidance and likelihood of use. Study 2 (n = 412) showed that primed security (vs. neutral prime) improved attitudes towards relational, non‐relational and distanced‐relational therapies for those with a fearful‐avoidant attachment orientation. For relational and distanced‐relational therapies, the mechanism of this effect was increased cognitive openness. Attachment orientation is a determinant of therapy attitudes and anticipated help‐seeking behaviour. Priming security may promote open‐minded decision‐making about some therapies. Findings are discussed with relevance to attachment theory, research and clinical practice.     

If it is easy to remember,then it is not secure: Metacognitive beliefs affect password selection

In this research, we applied current theories of metacognition to study computer security and tested the idea that users' password selection is affected by the metacognitive belief that if a password is memorable, then it is not secure. In two experiments, different types of eight‐character passwords and longer, more secure sentences were presented. Participants rated perceived memorability and perceived security of the passwords and indicated whether they would use them in a critical and in a noncritical service. The results confirmed the belief. Sentences that are in fact highly secure and perceived as highly memorable were also perceived as weak passwords. The belief strongly affected password selection for critical services, but it had no effect on noncritical services. In sum, long sentences are a particularly interesting type of password because they meet both security and memorability criteria, but their use is limited by a false belief.     

Career opportunity and organizational attachment in a blue-collar unionized environment

Organizations and the larger socio-economic environment have always presented the context in which careers unfold and evolve over time. One notable change is that promotion opportunities have been drastically reduced as organizations flatten their hierarchies and restructure. Reduced commitment by both organizations and their members are increasingly characteristic of the emerging employment relationship. This study investigated an alternative to mobility opportunity in a blue-collar unionized sample and finds that perceived role enhancement opportunity (i.e., expanding task complexity and more autonomy in the near future) related positively to attitudinal outcomes historically associated with promotion opportunity (i.e., organizational commitment, work involvement, and career opportunity satisfaction) and, in fact, explained more criterion variance. This was especially true of incumbents with two or less years of position tenure.     

On the link between different combinations of Negative Affectivity (NA) and Positive Affectivity (PA) and job performance

Despite the assumed orthogonality of Negative Affectivity (NA) and Positive Affectivity (PA), the effects of the different combinations of NA and PA on work-related outcomes such as job performance have been neglected. The present study among 42 employees of a local social services department in the Netherlands was conducted to fill this gap. The results show that a negative link between NA and job performance (as assessed by the immediate supervisor) exists only when PA is low. This finding elucidates the role of dispositional affect in organizational research and emphasizes that the interaction between both affectivity dimensions should be included when studying how affect relates to job performance and other work-related outcome variables.     

Ethics, Academic Freedom and Academic Tenure

Universities can and have existed without academic freedom and academic tenure. But academic freedom is necessary for a university dedicated to the pursuit of knowledge in a democratic society. Both academic freedom and academic tenure are not only rights but also carry with them moral obligations. Furthermore academic tenure is the best defense of academic freedom that American universities have found. Academic tenure can be successfully defended from the many contemporary attacks to which it is being subjected only insofar as it is necessary to defend academic freedom, and only if all involved in the system of tenure observe the ethical requirements that the system demands.     

Adult attachment and spousal reactions to military deployment separations and reunions

We explored adult attachment and spousal perceptions of intrapersonal and relationship functioning during military deployments. In Study 1, spouses of military members experiencing a separation were assessed, and in Study Two, spouses of military members experiencing a reunion were assessed. Study 3 entailed a large‐scale survey of relationship perceptions of spouses of military members. In Studies One and Two, attachment dimensions were related to perceptions of intrapersonal and relationship functioning during the separation and reunion, with associations moderated by days separated/reunited. In Study 3, attachment dimensions were related to relationship perceptions, with associations moderated by deployment stages. This research not only contributes to the knowledge of attachment processes in military contexts but also has the potential to inform policies and services supporting military families.