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71.
James B. Freeman 《Argumentation》2001,15(4):397-423
Many in the informal logic tradition distinguish convergent from linked argument structure. The pragma-dialectical tradition distinguishes multiple from co-ordinatively compound argumentation. Although these two distinctions may appear to coincide, constituting only a terminological difference, we argue that they are distinct, indeed expressing different disciplinary perspectives on argumentation. From a logical point of view, where the primary evaluative issue concerns sufficient strength of support, the unit of analysis is the individual argument, the particular premises put forward to support a given conclusion. Structure is internal to this unit. From a dialectical point of view, where the focus concerns how well a critical discussion comes to a reasoned conclusion of some disputed question, the argumentation need not constitute a single unit of argument. The unit of dialectical analysis will be the entire argumentation made up of these several arguments. The multiple/co-ordinatively compound distinction is dialectical, while the linked/convergent distinction is logical. Keeping these two pairs of distinctions separate allows us to see certain attempts to characterize convergent versus linked arguments as rather characterizing multiple versus co-ordinatively compound arguments, in particular attempts of Thomas, Nolt, and Yanal, and to resolve straightforwardly conflicts, tensions, or anomalies in their accounts. Walton's preferred Suspension/Insufficient Proof test to identify linked argument structure correctly identifies co-ordinatively compound structure. His objection to using the concept of relevance to explicate the distinction between linked and convergent structure within co-ordinatively compound argumentation can be met through explicating relevance in terms of inference licenses. His counterexample to the Suspension/No Support test for identifying linked structure which this approach supports can itself be straightforwardly dealt with when the test is explicated through inference licenses. 相似文献
72.
73.
Giacomo Bonanno 《Studia Logica》2007,86(3):375-401
The temporal updating of an agent’s beliefs in response to a flow of information is modeled in a simple modal logic that,
for every date t, contains a normal belief operator B
t
and a non-normal information operator I
t
which is analogous to the ‘only knowing’ operator discussed in the computer science literature. Soundness and completeness
of the logic are proved and the relationship between the proposed logic, the AGM theory of belief revision and the notion
of plausibility is discussed.
A first draft of this paper was presented at the Workshop on Belief Change in Rational Agents: Perspectives from Artificial
Intelligence, Philosophy and Economics, Dagstuhl (Germany), August 2005.
Special Issue Formal Epistemology II. Edited by
Branden Fitelson 相似文献
74.
样例学习条件下的因果力估计 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
在逐个呈现因果样例的条件下,考察单一因果关系因果力估计的特点,同时检验联想解释,概率对比模型,权重DP模型,效力PC理论和pCI规则。实验让65名大学生被试估计不同化学药物影响动物基因变异的能力。实验结果表明:(1)对产生原因的因果力估计符合权重DP模型;(2)对预防原因的因果力估计较多符合效力PC理论;(3)因果力估计具有复杂多样性,难以用统一的模式加以描述和概括。 相似文献
75.
76.
Quinlan et al. [Quinlan, p., van der Mass, H., Jansen, B., Booij, O., & Rendell, M. (this issue). Re-thinking stages of cognitive development: An appraisal of connectionist models of the balance scale task. Cognition, doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2006.02.004] use Latent Class Analysis (LCA) to criticize a connectionist model of development on the balance-scale task, arguing that LCA shows that this model fails to capture a torque rule and exhibits rules that children do not. In this rejoinder we focus on the latter problem, noting the tendency of LCA to find small, unreliable, and difficult-to-interpret classes. This tendency is documented in network and synthetic simulations and in psychological research, and statistical reasons for finding such unreliable classes are discussed. We recommend that LCA should be used with care, and argue that its small and unreliable classes should be discounted. Further, we note that a preoccupation with diagnosing rules ignores important phenomena that rules do not account for. Finally, we conjecture that simple extensions of the network model should be able to achieve torque-rule performance. 相似文献
77.
78.
刘涛 《医学与哲学(人文社会医学版)》2014,(6):76-78
人体本身对各类疾病有着强大的自我抵制和修复能力,疾病的发生和康复有其自然的进展规律,治疗疾病的过程应遵循相关规律,并辅助人体的这些能力去促进机体的修复。而现实医疗中,人们在享受医学科技成果和医疗保障实惠的同时,常常伴有过度的医疗处置或过度忽视疾病的存在,从而影响疾病本身的自然康复进程,或加重病情,甚至造成二次伤害。本文从疾病治疗自然观的角度探讨了医生和患者在应对疾病时需了解的辩证思想,并就如何认识和应用疾病治疗的自然观去诊治疾病做一探讨。 相似文献
79.
This study focused on the influence of American and Chinese cultures on consequentialism orientation in decision-making within the broader context of psychologists’ academic roles and responsibilities. In addition, this study hypothesized that educational level would affect culturally influenced ethical decision making in both cultures. Based on the American Psychological Association Ethics Code, 20 ethical scenarios in 5 domains in psychology were created and used to examine the influence of culturally ethical beliefs on psychologists’ decision making among 181 participants. The results indicated that significant cultural differences in consequentialism orientation differentiated Chinese and American participants and influenced their resolution of ethical issues. 相似文献
80.
认知诊断方法能够对留学生各不相同的基本颜色词习得模式进行描述,并且对补救提供建议.本文以规则空间方法对留学生现代汉语普通话基本颜色词的习得模式进行诊断,并提供“学习之路”供补救参考.研究发现,规则空间模型对汉语作为二语的颜色词习得研究适用,研究中的被试全部成功归类;对于汉语基本颜色词基本义和日常生活中较为常见的转义,留学生习得比例也较高;“学习之路”是一种实用的提示学习者补救路径的方法,对于下一步的学习和教学有直接的指导作用. 相似文献