概化理论在作文评分中的应用研究

概化理论是现代心理测量理论之一,该文简要地介绍了该理论的基本思想并用此理论对作文评分的误差控制问题进行了应用性探讨。研究中请６位评分员对２０名学生每人三种文体的作文用分项评分法进行评定。然后用ＧＥＮＯＶＡ软件的估计了作文评分中的评分员效应和题目效应,并对各种误差构成进行了分析比较。结果表明：在作文评分中,评分员勺最大,题目效应不明显。同时还发现,不同文体对评分误差有重要影响。论文文的评分误差最大,     

Tests for equality of several alpha coefficients when their sample estimates are dependent

In a variety of measurement situations, the researcher may wish to compare the reliabilities of several instruments administered to the same sample of subjects. This paper presents eleven statistical procedures which test the equality ofm coefficient alphas when the sample alpha coefficients are dependent. Several of the procedures are derived in detail, and numerical examples are given for two. Since all of the procedures depend on approximate asymptotic results, Monte Carlo methods are used to assess the accuracy of the procedures for sample sizes of 50, 100, and 200. Both control of Type I error and power are evaluated by computer simulation. Two of the procedures are unable to control Type I errors satisfactorily. The remaining nine procedures perform properly, but three are somewhat superior in power and Type I error control.A more detailed version of this paper is also available.     

Lower bounds for the reliability of the total score on a test composed of non-homogeneous items: I: Algebraic lower bounds

Let Σ _x be the (population) dispersion matrix, assumed well-estimated, of a set of non-homogeneous item scores. Finding the greatest lower bound for the reliability of the total of these scores is shown to be equivalent to minimizing the trace of Σ _x by reducing the diagonal elements while keeping the matrix non-negative definite. Using this approach, Guttman's bounds are reviewed, a method is established to determine whether his λ₄ (maximum split-half coefficient alpha) is the greatest lower bound in any instance, and three new bounds are discussed. A geometric representation, which sheds light on many of the bounds, is described. Present affiliation of the second author: Department of Statistics, University of Nigeria (Nsukka Campus). Work on this paper was carried out while on study leave in Aberystwyth.     

A weighted procrustes criterion

The Procrustes criterion is a common measure for the distance between two matricesX andY, and can be interpreted as the sum of squares of the Euclidean distances between their respective column vectors. Often a weighted Procrustes criterion, using, for example, a weighted sum of the squared distances between the column vectors, is called for. This paper describes and analyzes the performance of an algorithm for rotating a matrixX such that the column-weighted Procrustes distance toY is minimized. The problem of rotatingX intoY such that an aggregate measure of Tucker's coefficient of congruence is maximized is also discussed.We wish to thank Richard A. Harshman and C. F. Jeff Wu for valuable discussions in the early stages of this work. We would also like to thank Jos ten Berge, John Gower, and the Editor, Associate Editor, and referees whose comments and suggestions greatly improved this paper.     

Note on two generalizations of coefficient alpha

An important relationship is given for two generalizations of coefficient alpha, Rajaratnam, Cronbach and Gleser's generalizability formula for stratified-parallel tests and Raju's coefficient beta.The author gratefully acknowledges the generous assistance given by reviewers and the editor.     

一种新的等值准则及其适用范围的探讨

受假设检验方法的启发,该文引出了一种基于项目反应理论的新等值方法——平方根等值准则。它具有一些特点：定义式中答对、答错概率同时出现而不能互相替代;极易从0—1评分模式的版本转换到多级评分版本;它可以看成是Haebara等值准则的加权形式。以等值系数估计值的误差大小为衡量标准,以Wilcoxon符号秩检验为依据,大量的Monte Carlo模拟结果显示了一种有趣的现象,即等值方法的运用范围既与项目参数估计精度有关,又与等值系数A的范围有关,但与另一个等值系数B的范围无关。当项目参数估计精度较高或中等而A取值在0.9～1.3之间,新方法往往比Stocking_Lord方法和Haebara方法的估计误差小且有显著性差异,当项目参数估计精度较低时,而A从1.0～2.0时新方法都有优越性。     

试论情绪弹性

该文首先提出情绪弹性的概念,并对其概念进行界定和说明,在此基础上利用函数公式及图形对其影响因素、类型进行描述和分析,并探讨了情绪弹性与情绪调节的关系及其研究意义。     

重庆市直辖以来卫生资源配置公平性研究

采用基尼系数方法从人口和地理分布两个方面定量分析重庆市卫生资源配置的公平性。重庆市主要卫生资源中,护士的基尼系数最高;重庆市的三个经济区域中,都市发达经济圈的基尼系数最高;资源按地理配置的公平性要差于按人口配置。重庆市护理人员严重不足且分布不公平,资源地理配置的公平性有待改善。     

预测视角下双因子模型与高阶模型的模拟比较

双因子模型和高阶因子模型,作为既有全局因子又有局部因子的两个竞争模型,在研究中得到了广泛应用。本文采用Monte Carlo模拟方法,在模型拟合比较的基础上,比较了效标分别为外显变量和内潜变量时,两个模型在各种负荷水平下预测准确度的差异。结果发现,两种模型在拟合效果方面无显著差异;但在预测效度方面,当效标为显变量时,两个模型的结构系数估计值皆为无偏估计;而效标为潜变量时,高阶因子模型表现优于双因子模型:高阶因子模型的结构系数为无偏估计,双因子模型的结构系数估计值则在50%左右的情况下存在偏差。