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511.
512.
In Experiment 1, rats drank two distinct flavors in sequence during preconditioning; during training, the second of these flavors was paired with a toxin. During testing, there was an aversion to the flavor not directly paired with the toxin. In Experiment 2, the time interval between the two flavors (0, 3, 9, and 27 sec) in the preconditioning phase was varied; learning occurred only if the flavors were separated by 9 sec or less. Experiment 3, using a 60-sec interstimulus interval also did not reveal learning. These results reveal that the temporal gradient for flavor-flavor associative learning is similar to conventional audio-visual sensory preconditioning delay gradients and different from those obtained in flavor-toxicosis experiments. The results are discussed in terms of their critical implication for Revusky's concurrent interference theory of associative learning.  相似文献   
513.
The relative importance of five information variables in determining the amount of friendliness attributed to a described action was analyzed using a five-way ANOVA. The variables (a) antecedent condition, (b) disposition of the actor, (c) intent of the actor, (d) likely social outcome of the act, and (e) actual social outcome of the act, were given a high friendliness value and a low friendliness value. Thirty-two stories which described the same act, but which systematically differed in background information, were made by combining one of the two values of the five variables in all possible combinations. Senior secondary school girls read the stories and rated the friendliness of the act and the friendliness of the actor on 9-place, unipolar rating scales. Results showed that the intent of the actor contributed the only significant source of variance to the trait attribution to the act. The trait attribution to the actor was significantly influenced by intent, antecedent condition, and disposition.  相似文献   
514.
Five-year-olds, as compared to adults, have displayed a striking constraint on short-term recognition memory for briefly presented visual information. In the present study, a recall paradigm was also examined to test the generality of this constraint. Additionally, we examined the possibility that forced verbal report might differentially enhance children's performance. Evidence of improved performance in children would suggest that a verbal encoding strategy, used by adults only during the recognition task, is activated in children in a recall task. Though recall memory performance of young children did surpass recognition memory levels, the same was true for adults with the relative adult-child difference remaining constant across conditions. It was concluded that processes other than verbal labeling (e.g., buffer storage, organization, retrieval) are probably more responsible for age differences in immediate memory performance than labeling, per se.  相似文献   
515.
516.
Young adults solved a problem in which hobbits and orcs had to be transported across a river. In Expt I, a Part-Whole group of subjects solved the problem starting at a different state in the middle and then were given the entire problem. Comparison with a Control group indicated that the initial practice of the Part-Whole group did not facilitate their later performance on the same problem segment, but did facilitate performance in a different portion of the problem. In Expt II, some subjects were given feedback halfway through the problem that they were on the right track. Results gave some support to the notion that a possible difficulty in the problem is the subject's belief that he must have entered a blind alley in the search space. However, other difficulties were also involved. Inferences from several different dependent performance variables, the transfer results, and subjects' comments consistently suggested that subjects solving this problem needed to undergo a number of cognitive changes (3–4) that was smaller than the minimum number of external moves required to solve the problem (11).  相似文献   
517.
518.
An attempt was made to specify whether previously reported limitations on young children's full-report capacity lay in a smaller amount of available information, in a shorter trace duration of information in visual information storage (VIS), or in poorer coding of information into permanent storage. Five- and 8-year-olds and adults were shown an eight-item array of figures. followed at varying intervals by an indicator signaling the subject to report the figure to which the indicator had pointed. The effects of three levels of familiarity or “labelability” were examined. While no age differences were revealed in amount of information available nor in the trace duration of information in VIS, strong age differences emerged in coding of information into permanent storage. Data on latency to verbal labeling and familiarity suggested that verbal labeling could not account for the age trends. Rather, the differences seemed to lie in the use of organized visual coding and rehearsal strategies by adults and their relative lack of use by children.  相似文献   
519.
Fifty-two 9-year-olds were randomly assigned to success and failure treatment conditions involving acceptance or rejection of a drawing made for an art show. In a pilot study, this treatment was shown to influence significantly subjects' affective states. Just after treatment, subjects were presented with choices between pairs of small immediate and large delayed rewards. As predicted, subjects who had experienced success chose more often the large delayed reward than those who failed (p < .02). Prior expectancy for success and sex were not significantly related to choice behavior. The influence of affective state on various parameters of the choice paradigm was discussed, and other evidence was cited indicating that affective state is a major determinant of self-gratification behavior.  相似文献   
520.
In a multiphase experiment, dogs first received discriminative, discretetrial, barrier-jumping training with two tones (SD, SΔ) in a shuttle box reinforced by either shock avoidance (Group I) or by food (Group II). Then the dogs were trained on free-operant barrier-jumping reinforced by the qualitatively opposite reinforcer—food in Group I and shock avoidance in Group II. Finally, test presentations of the tone stimuli were superimposed on the free-operant behavior. The tone SDs markedly facilitated responding in all animals. This experiment demonstrates a summation of responding maintained by shock avoidance and food reinforcement and casts doubt on explanations of conditioned suppression outcomes that appeal solely to incompatible motivational states within the organism.  相似文献   
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