项目反应理论多级记分模型参数估计的实现

项目反应理论中参数估计程序的实现,一直是研究现代测量理论的学者们关注的问题。该研究从理论上探讨了多级模型参数估计的实现途径,并模拟了5批不同数量及分布情形的项目及被试参数,生成相应的原始得分矩阵,对自编程序及国际流行的相关程序进行了严格的比较校验,验证结果证明本程序具有精确、稳定的性能,并且发现被试量太少将影响参数估计的精确性及稳定性     

GPCM模型项目参数估计程序的开发与研究

该文对GPCM的项目参数估计的方法进行较为深入的探讨,特别对容易混淆的参数初值计算以及项目参数分两步进行估计的原因进行了阐述。并且基于MMLE／EM算法,开发了相应的项目参数估计程序。通过大量的蒙特卡洛模拟,与国外专业软件PARSCALE比较,本程序的步骤参数估计值更好,区分度参数估计值相当,具有较好的应用价值。     

The impact of social desirability bias on the EPQ-R item scores: An item response theory analysis

This study assessed the potential influence of social desirability (SD) response bias on the E, N, and P EPQ-R scores at the level of individual items. The study was based on a bidimensional IRT model which was fitted in a large sample. This allowed a detailed analysis of both the internal validities of the items and the content of the items which were most affected by SD. The E items were least affected by SD, but the direction of the impact depended on the type of item. As expected, in the N and P cases the relations obtained were consistently negative, but the strength of the SD impact also depended considerably on the type of item. The P scale was the most problematic in terms of convergent and discriminant validity.     

纵向Rasch模型在大学新生适应性追踪研究中的应用

对1952名大学新生进行适应性调查,其中285人接受了2次以上的追踪调查,所得的多级评分重复测量数据采用纵向Rasch模型进行统计分析。研究应用SAS的GLIMMIX过程对多层Rasch模型参数估计作了新的尝试。结果表明：（1）新生在第一学年内,学习和情绪适应总体呈上升趋势,人际适应呈下降趋势;（2）不同个体入学时的适应状况差异显著,但是随时间变化的趋势、快慢相同;（3）学习适应分量表的项目稳定性较好,而人际、情绪适应的部分项目难度存在时间效应。研究结果对新生辅导具有启示意义     

项目反应理论等级反应模型项目信息量

信息函数作为项目反应理论中的一个重要概念,在进行项目和测验分析的工作中,以及在指导测验编制的工作中,有着非常重要的应用价值。信息函数的应用在计算机化自适应测验中更是重中之重,也受到最大关注。然而,关于多级记分项目信息函数特性的研究还比较少。本研究模拟了被试特质水平参数数据和项目参数数据,其中被试特质水平参数生成了121个被试特质水平参数点,项目参数生成了4批不同区分度参数数据,每批数据有126个不同难度等级参数组合模式的项目,每个项目有5个难度等级。通过数据分析后发现,等级反应模型项目提供最大信息量所对应的被试特质水平,是与该项目几个相互临近的难度等级组相适应,既不是只与其中一个难度等级对应,也不一定是与所有难度等级对应。本研究称这种规律为“临近难度等级占优”。这个发现无疑对测验质量分析和测验编制工作,包括计算机化自适应测验编制,具有重要的指导意义     

LP方法及其与三种常用DIF检测方法的比较

本研究基于项目反应理论,提出了一种检验力高且犯Ⅰ类错误率小的检测DIF的新方法：LP法（Likelihood Procedure）,且以2PLM下对题目进行DIF检验为例介绍此法。本文通过与MH方法、Lord卡方检验法和Raju面积测量法三种常用的检验DIF的方法比较研究LP法的有效性,同时探讨样本容量、测验长度、目标组和参照组能力分布的差异、DIF值大小等相关因素对LP法有效性可能产生的影响。通过模拟研究,得到以下结论：(1)LP法比MH法及Lord卡方法更灵敏且更稳健;(2) LP法比Raju面积测量法更合理;(3)LP法的检验力随着被试样本容量或DIF值的增大而增大;（4）当参照组与目标组的能力无差异时,LP法在各种条件下的检验力比参照组与目标组的能力有差异时的检验力高;（5）LP法对一致性DIF和非一致性DIF都有良好的检验力,且LP法对一致性DIF的检验力比对非一致性DIF的检验力高。LP法可以简便的扩展并运用到多维度、多级评分项目上。     

Effects of pointing compared with naming and observing during encoding on item and source memory in young and older adults

Research showed that source memory functioning declines with ageing. Evidence suggests that encoding visual stimuli with manual pointing in addition to visual observation can have a positive effect on spatial memory compared with visual observation only. The present study investigated whether pointing at picture locations during encoding would lead to better spatial source memory than naming (Experiment 1) and visual observation only (Experiment 2) in young and older adults. Experiment 3 investigated whether response modality during the test phase would influence spatial source memory performance. Experiments 1 and 2 supported the hypothesis that pointing during encoding led to better source memory for picture locations than naming or observation only. Young adults outperformed older adults on the source memory but not the item memory task in both Experiments 1 and 2. In Experiments 1 and 2, participants manually responded in the test phase. Experiment 3 showed that if participants had to verbally respond in the test phase, the positive effect of pointing compared with naming during encoding disappeared. The results suggest that pointing at picture locations during encoding can enhance spatial source memory in both young and older adults, but only if the response modality is congruent in the test phase.     

Effect of individual thinking styles on item selection during study time allocation

The influence of individual differences on learners' study time allocation has been emphasised in recent studies; however, little is known about the role of individual thinking styles (analytical versus intuitive). In the present study, we explored the influence of individual thinking styles on learners' application of agenda‐based and habitual processes when selecting the first item during a study‐time allocation task. A 3‐item cognitive reflection test (CRT) was used to determine individuals' degree of cognitive reliance on intuitive versus analytical cognitive processing. Significant correlations between CRT scores and the choices of first item selection were observed in both Experiment 1a (study time was 5 seconds per triplet) and Experiment 1b (study time was 20 seconds per triplet). Furthermore, analytical decision makers constructed a value‐based agenda (prioritised high‐reward items), whereas intuitive decision makers relied more upon habitual responding (selected items from the leftmost of the array). The findings of Experiment 1a were replicated in Experiment 2 notwithstanding ruling out the possible effects from individual intelligence and working memory capacity. Overall, the individual thinking style plays an important role on learners' study time allocation and the predictive ability of CRT is reliable in learners' item selection strategy.     

Problems with Rationales for Parceling that Fail to Consider Parcel-Allocation Variability

In structural equation modeling applications, parcels—averages or sums of subsets of item scores—are often used as indicators of latent constructs. Parcel-allocation variability (PAV) is variability in results that arises within sample across alternative item-to-parcel allocations. PAV can manifest in all results of a parcel-level model (e.g., model fit, parameter estimates, standard errors, and inferential decisions). It is a source of uncertainty in parcel-level model results that can be investigated, reported, and accounted for. Failing to do so raises representativeness and replicability concerns. However, in recent methodological literature (Cole, Perkins, &; Zelkowitz, 2016 Cole, D. A., Perkins, C. E., &; Zelkowitz, R. L. (2016). Impact of homogeneous and heterogeneous parceling strategies when latent variables represent multidimensional constructs. Psychological Methods, 21(2), 164–174. doi: 10.1037/met0000047[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]; Little, Rhemtulla, Gibson, &; Shoemann, 2013 Little, T. D., Rhemtulla, M., Gibson, K., &; Schoemann, A. M. (2013). Why the items versus parcels controversy needn't be one. Psychological Methods, 18(3), 285–300. doi: 10.1037/a0033266[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]; Marsh, Ludtke, Nagengast, Morin, &; von Davier, 2013 Marsh, H. W., Lüdtke, O., Nagengast, B., Morin, A., &; von Davier, M. (2013). Why item parcels are (almost) never appropriate: Two wrongs do not make a right—camouflaging misspecification with item parcels in CFA models. Psychological Methods, 18(3), 257–284. doi: 10.1037/a0032773[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]; Rhemtulla, 2016 Rhemtulla, M. (2016). Population performance of SEM parceling strategies under measurement and structural model misspecification. Psychological Methods, 21(3), 348–368. doi: 10.1037/met0000072[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) parceling has been justified and recommended in several situations without quantifying or accounting for PAV. In this article, we explain and demonstrate problems with these rationales. Overall, we find that: (1) using a purposive parceling algorithm for a multidimensional construct does not avoid PAV; (2) passing a test of unidimensionality of the item-level model need not avoid PAV; and (3) a desire to improve power for detecting structural misspecification does not warrant parceling without addressing PAV; we show how to simultaneously avoid PAV and obtain even higher power by comparing item-level models differing in structural constraints. Implications for practice are discussed.