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11.
The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that career indecision subtypes serve as a mediating variable in regard to career-counseling effectiveness, and to an attempt to detect two other mediators, i.e., individual- versus group-counseling modes and direct versus indirect test interpretation. In a pre-post design conducted on 149 undergraduate clients who went through a standard counseling process it was found that: (a) Different subtype groups gained differentially in their career decidedness; clients who “lack structure” gained the most from the treatment while clients who “perceive external barrier” and who experienced “personal conflict” gained the least, (b) Neither counseling mode nor test interpretation directiveness had significant effects or interactions with career decidedness. It was proposed that career counseling should be conducted with different contents rather than processes in order to benefit clients with various problem types. 相似文献
12.
《Islam & Christian-Muslim Relations》2012,23(1):3-18
The political participation of Christians in the Arab world highlights the difficulties of reconciling the principles of equality and full rights based on citizenship with maintaining the public role of the religion of the majority of the population – Islam. Christian strategies have focused upon both Arab and state nationalism as well as pursuing individual ambition. The political context of these efforts is also significant. First, Christians are not immune to the political environment in the region, which has been characterized by a tradition of authoritarianism and limited political opportunity. Second, the Islamic environment provides the framework for discussing the political role of non-Muslims in Muslim-majority states. Christian political participation has also been shaped by the strategies pursued by the ruling regimes. These are: the treatment of Christians as the same or indistinct, the notion of ‘loyal’ citizens, and the institutionalization of differences through quotas. Yet irrespective of what strategy is employed, religious identity continues to be the crucial factor in determining the type of political participation accessed by Christians in the region, thus challenging the notion of national unity. 相似文献
13.
《Islam & Christian-Muslim Relations》2012,23(1):31-44
This article analyses the representation of Muslim–Coptic relations in the Al-Ahrām newspaper between 2005 and 2010. The primary goal is to assess the strategies and discourses used by this newspaper to represent sectarianism. As scholars note, negative representations of the ‘other’ in the media can contribute to shaping and prolonging conflict. Therefore, Al-Ahrām's representation of sectarian incidents is significant for the analysis both of the dynamics of Muslim–Christian relations in Egypt, and of state and church policies towards communal violence. Three are three central discourses. (1) The use of selective narratives of history to construct a collective understanding of national unity as a natural state of relations between Muslims and Christians in Egypt. (2) Displacement of blame, which means constructing inter-religious conflict as alien and external through the use of an ‘us versus them’ paradigm in order to shift responsibility for Egypt's sectarian incidents to ‘outsiders’. (3) The control of extreme religious views through a discourse of ‘extremists versus moderates’. 相似文献
14.
《Counselling psychology quarterly》2012,25(4):403-415
This study was conducted to examine the capacity of attachment insecurity and its dimensions to predict the development of obsessive–compulsive (OC) symptoms in children. A total of 221 female children, aged 10–12, were administered the Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive–Compulsive Scale, Birleson Depression Self-rating Scale, and the inventory of parent and peer attachment – revised version for children. Hierarchical regressions revealed that the level of attachment insecurity was strongly associated with the symptoms of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) in children. Moreover, attachment insecurity subscale scores (trust, communication, and alienation) predicted a large percentage of variance in children's OC symptoms. Although all the attachment subscale scores were significantly associated with OC symptoms in children, parent–child communication was found to be the most powerful predictor, followed by emotional alienation and trust. Implications of these findings for theory and treatment of pediatric OCD are discussed. 相似文献
15.
《Philosophical Psychology》2012,25(4):413-440
René Descartes and William James had “body first” theories of the passions or emotions, according to which sensory stimulation causes a bodily response that then causes an emotion. Both held that this bodily response also causes an initial behavioral response (such as flight from a bear) without any cognitive intervention such as an “appraisal” of the object or situation. From here they differ. Descartes proposed that the initial processes that produce fear and running are entirely mechanical. Even human beings initially run from the bear as a result of physiological processes alone, without mental contribution. These physiological processes also cause a mental passion, which is a cognitive representation of the situation (as regards novelty, benefit, or harm), and which motivates the will to continue the behavior already in progress. According to James, emotions are caused by instinctive bodily responses that are triggered by noncognitive but nonetheless conscious perceptual states. Emotions are bare feelings of internal physiological stirrings that accompany an instinctual response that has evolved through Darwinian natural selection. Jamesian emotions initially have no motivational or cognitive content, which they subsequently acquire through learning. The methodological legitimacy of comparing these positions across the centuries is defended, and the two theories are compared to recent theories. 相似文献
16.
《Philosophical Psychology》2012,25(6):741-757
The hypothesis of extended cognition (HEC) has been criticized as committing what is called the coupling–constitution fallacy, but it is the critic's use of this concept which is fallacious. It is true that there is no reason to deny that the line between the self and the world should be drawn at the skull and/or the skin. But the data used to support HEC reveal that there was never a good enough reason to draw the line there in the first place. The burden of proof has fallen on the mind–brain identity theory, now that our intuitions/prejudices no longer support it. One of those “intuitions” is the Aristotelian assumption that the world can be neatly divided into objects that possess intrinsic causal powers, and the causal relations that connect those objects. In modern science, however, the concept of intrinsic causal powers is only a temporary stopgap that makes it possible to begin research in a particular area. It therefore seems best to assume that the line between mind and world is both pragmatic and dynamic. Consequently, the mind might best described as a fluctuating field, rather than an object or structure. 相似文献
17.
Anat Moed; 《Child Development Perspectives》2024,18(2):82-87
According to coercion theory (Patterson, 1982, 2016), children's aggression is developed and maintained through transactional processes between parents and their children that unfold over time. The theory provides a model of the behavioral contingencies that explain how parents and children mutually “train” each other to behave in ways that over time increase the likelihood of children's aggression and decrease parents' control over this aggression. Although the theory characterizes the interactions that often lead to dysfunctional family processes and children's aggression, its focus on observable, interpersonal negativity has resulted in research that largely overlooks intraindividual phenomena, such as the internal experiences that drive parents' expressed negativity. In this article, I present empirical and theoretical work that supports an expanded focus of coercion theory to include emotion as an internal mechanism of reinforcement that facilitates and maintains coercive family processes and children's antisocial development. 相似文献
18.
AbstractIn this study we compared the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in the subacute and chronic stages of post-stroke recovery. Anodal/sham tDCS was applied to the primary motor cortex of stroke patients in these stages of recovery in a cross-over design. The Jebsen–Taylor hand function test was employed. The repeated-measure ANOVA showed significant influence of the stimulation type and test performance time (during/after tDCS) with no overall influence of recovery stage. The interaction TYPE*TIME*STAGE was significant. The effect after anodal tDCS in the subacute stage was significantly higher compared to the effects in all relevant conditions including the chronic stage. Therefore, tDCS treatment in the subacute stage of recovery can be superior, at least for some patients, to treatment in the chronic stage. 相似文献
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