The generality of belief in unsubstantiated claims

We tested the hypothesis that people show generality in their endorsement of unsubstantiated claims, employing more types of measures than used in previous studies. We found that measures of generic conspiracist ideation, specific fictitious conspiracy theory, and false conspiracy theory beliefs were all strongly and positively intercorrelated. A multiple regression analysis revealed that the measures of specific false and fictitious conspiracy theories both significantly predicted generic conspiracist ideation. A second broader test of the generality hypothesis showed that these measures of false and fictitious conspiracy belief were positively intercorrelated with measures of psychological misconceptions, pseudoscience, poorly supported psychological practices, and paranormal beliefs. However, the measures of misconceptions and pseudoscience displayed substantially lower correlations. The results provide support for the generality of acceptance of a wider variety of unsubstantiated claims than used in previous studies and also suggest differences in the types endorsed based on the kind of knowledge and content measured.     

Quantum structure in cognition

The broader scope of our investigations is the search for the way in which concepts and their combinations carry and influence meaning and what this implies for human thought. More specifically, we examine the use of the mathematical formalism of quantum mechanics as a modeling instrument and propose a general mathematical modeling scheme for the combinations of concepts. We point out that quantum mechanical principles, such as superposition and interference, are at the origin of specific effects in cognition related to concept combinations, such as the guppy effect and the overextension and underextension of membership weights of items. We work out a concrete quantum mechanical model for a large set of experimental data of membership weights with overextension and underextension of items with respect to the conjunction and disjunction of pairs of concepts, and show that no classical model is possible for these data. We put forward an explanation by linking the presence of quantum aspects that model concept combinations to the basic process of concept formation. We investigate the implications of our quantum modeling scheme for the structure of human thought, and show the presence of a two-layer structure consisting of a classical logical layer and a quantum conceptual layer. We consider connections between our findings and phenomena such as the disjunction effect and the conjunction fallacy in decision theory, violations of the sure thing principle, and the Allais and Elsberg paradoxes in economics.     

关联与互动:20世纪的科学心理学与分析哲学

今天的心理学是否仍然具有理论魅力和教化力量,心理学者是否真的在思考和创造,关键在于心理学研究的思维方式和话语方式是否发生真正的改变。中国心理学传统以关注人生命的完整性、目标的人本性和价值性以及方法论的关系化取向,在与科学心理学之间的关联与互动中,成为科学心理学高举"反思之刀"实现自救和新生的重要学术资源、创新资源和借鉴资源。     

Line-based affine reasoning in Euclidean plane

We consider the binary relations of parallelism and convergence between lines in a 2-dimensional affine space. Associating with parallelism and convergence the binary predicates P and C and the modal connectives [P] and [C], we consider a first-order theory based on these predicates and a modal logic based on these modal connectives. We investigate the axiomatization/completeness and the decidability/complexity of this first-order theory and this modal logic.     

The reasoning skills and thinking dispositions of problem gamblers: a dual‐process taxonomy

We present a taxonomy that categorizes the types of cognitive failure that might result in persistent gambling. The taxonomy subsumes most previous theories of gambling behavior, and it defines three categories of cognitive difficulties that might lead to gambling problems: The autonomous set of systems (TASS) override failure, missing TASS output, and mindware problems. TASS refers to the autonomous set of systems in the brain (which are executed rapidly and without volition, are not under conscious control, and are not dependent on analytic system output). Mindware consists of rules, procedures, and strategies available for explicit retrieval. Seven of the eight tasks administered to pathological gamblers, gamblers with subclinical symptoms, and control participants were associated with problem gambling, and five of the eight were significant predictors in analyses that statistically controlled for age and cognitive competence. In a commonality analysis, an indicator from each of the three categories of cognitive difficulties explained significant unique variance in problem gambling, indicating that each of the categories had some degree of predictive specificity. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

西方表象活动周期理论与中国周易思想的一致性

在表象研究方面,继表象认知理论之后,新近提出的表象活动周期理论对表象的作用进行了深入的研究。它重申表象在问题解决中对目标计划、管理和调控的促进作用;更强调表象活动是一个周而复始的循环动态过程。同时,文章把表象活动周期理论与中国古传统文化周易等思想做了比较,发现两者有某些一致性,在表象研究方面中西方文化将趋于高度融合,其研究成果将为世界范围内的教育改革提供心理学理论依据。     

卦象说初探

象是象数易学的一个重要范畴,爻象、卦象是解易的重要工具之一.卦象不仅是理解<周易>卦爻辞的根本,也是春秋筮法占断的主要依据.从春秋时期<左传>、<国语>简单的卦象,到战国时期<易传>稍具形态的卦象说,再到汉代繁杂的逸象说,卦象说的形成经历了一个漫长的历史过程,并在不同时期对易学的发展产生了不同的影响.     

家庭生态系统对儿童心理健康发展影响机制的研究

以生态系统理论为指导,选取中小学生746名,分健康组和问题组,利用结构方程建模(SEM)技术,就家庭生态系统对儿童心理健康发展的影响机制进行了研究。结果表明,在健康组,构成家庭生态系统的父母子系统、家庭环境子系统和儿童子系统均对心理问题的形成起抑制作用;而在问题组,除儿童子系统对心理问题的形成起抑制作用外,父母子系统和家庭环境子系统对心理问题的形成起正向作用。     

西方国家医疗公正基本理论论析

西方国家医疗公正基本理论分为内容的公正和形式的公正。在内容公正方面西方国家有三种重要的医疗公正理论,它们是功利主义、极端自由主义、平等主义。它们对于西方国家制订医疗政策有很大影响。在形式公正方面,近来医疗程序公正理论影响很大。