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311.
This research investigated how implicit theories of mental health (ITMH) influence people's experience of anxiety and depression symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic in China. Two thousand and 44 Chinese completed the study during an emergent outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in Shaanxi, China. The results suggested that ITMH significantly influence people's experience of anxiety and depression symptoms. Both active and passive coping styles significantly mediated the relationship between ITMH and anxiety/depression, with active coping style as a stronger mediator than passive coping style. Implications of the current research for improving people's mental health during pandemics of infectious diseases and directions for future research are discussed. 相似文献
312.
Joseph A. Vitriol Joseph Sandor Robert Vidigal Christina Farhart 《Applied cognitive psychology》2023,37(2):319-331
People are motivated to maintain consistency between importantly held identities, preferences, and judgments. In political contexts, motivated reasoning can help explain a wide range of political phenomena, including extremism, polarization, and misperceptions. However, recent findings in psychology have challenged this account. These perspectives emphasize the role of cognitive sophistication (e.g., analytical reasoning, numerical literacy) in political attitudes, but differ in terms of whether it is expected to attenuate or exacerbate politically motivated reasoning and belief in conspiracy theories. Yet prior investigations have not examined the relative and independent effects of both political and cognitive sophistication. Using data from two samples, including one sampled to approximate representativeness in the U.S., we demonstrate that both types of sophistication have independent and (at times) countervailing effects on belief in COVID-19 conspiracy theories and other political attitudes. Our results are critical for theories of cognitive sophistication, political cognition, and attitudes, and the psychology of conspiracy theories. 相似文献
313.
Two experiments were conducted to investigate how individuals assess covariation with rank order data. In both studies, subjects were given sets of rank order data, each set consisting of ten items ranked on two characteristics, and were asked to estimate the degree of relationship for each set. Contrary to previous research, subjects' estimates of covariation in this task were quite sensitive to actual levels of correlation in the data and remained unaffected by simple variations in the way rank order data were presented. More importantly, it appeared that this sensitivity to covariation was due likely to the use of a simple heuristic referred to here as the total discrepancy heuristic. These findings are discussed in terms of the availability of simple heuristics in rank-ordered versus other types of data and the consequences of using such heuristics in decision-making contexts. 相似文献
314.
Daniel Sankowsky 《Journal of Adult Development》1997,4(4):237-242
The norms of scholarly discourse have traditionally excluded personal disclosures in conceptual articles, as if the subjective
nature of such revelations would be inconsistent with the scientific/objective stature of these works. Based on the author's
experience with a recent publication, based on recent studies of researcher projection and bias in case studies, and using
a framework of organizational communication, it is suggested here that there is indeed a contribution such disclosures can
make. It is not recommended that sharing on a personal level become a new norm, but rather that the choice to share be considered
as viable in a scholarly context. Five specific benefits of such sharing are listed, including unearthing and revealing bias,
demystifying the process of discovery, and avoiding the trap of defensive reasoning. 相似文献
315.
James W. McAllister 《Journal for General Philosophy of Science》1991,22(1):1-14
Almost all commentators acknowledge that among the grounds on which scientists perform theory-choices are criteria of simplicity. In general, simplicity is regarded either as only a logico-empirical quality of a theory, diagnostic of the theory's future predictive success, or as a purely aesthetic or otherwise extra-empirical property of it. This paper attempts to demonstrate that the simplicity-criteria applied in scientific practice include both a logicoempirical and a quasi-aesthetic criterion: to conflate these in an account of scientists' theory-choice is to court confusion. 相似文献
316.
McSweeney FK Ettinger RH Norman WD 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》1981,36(2):285-297
The additive theories of behavioral contrast state that contrast will occur only when two types of responses interact during multiple schedules. Three more specific versions of the theories may be defined according to how they distinguish these two types of responses. A strong version physically distinguishes them. A second version distinguishes them according to the theoretical processes which control them. A weak version distinguishes them on the basis of the environmental relations which control them. Only the weak version of the theories is currently testable. The weak theory should be tested by establishing each of the two environmental relations independently and then combining them to assess their effect on behavior. Because this test is not usually performed, many of the results which have been taken to support or contradict the additive theories are actually ambiguous. 相似文献
317.
Klaus Manhart 《Journal for General Philosophy of Science》1998,29(2):301-326
Theory Reduction in the Social Sciences. The example of balance theories. A central topic both in philosophy of science as
well as in the empirical sciences is the reconstruction of the relations between theories. In the past comparisons of theories
by means of traditional linguistic methods have proved to be extremely difficult and complicated. In this article the reconstruction
of intertheoretical relations based on model-theoretical terms is propagated, as formulated within the structuralist view
of theories. The efficiency of a model theoretical based comparison of theories is demonstrated by two theory elements from
the social science research program of balance theories: The basic element by Heider and the transitivity theory by Holland
and Leinhardt. First of all both theory elements are introduced informally and reconstructed in the structuralist format.
On the basis of these reconstructions can be shown, that the Heider theory can be formally reduced to the Holland-Leinhardt
theory and that the theory younger in history means an improvement. However, an integration of all balance theoretical elements
into a theory net is not possible.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
318.
Clark and Krauss [1977] presents a classification of complete, satisfiable and o-categorical theories in first order languages with finite non-logical vocabularies. In 1988 the first author modified this classification and raised three questions about the distribution of finitely axiomatizable theories. This paper answers two of those questions. 相似文献
319.
Positive and negative contrast as a function of component duration for key pecking and treadle pressing 总被引:8,自引:8,他引:0
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McSweeney FK 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》1982,37(2):281-293
Pigeons responded on several multiple schedules for food reinforcers. The duration of the components varied from four seconds to 16 minutes. The absolute size of positive (Experiment 1) and negative (Experiment 2) behavioral contrast varied inversely with component duration when key pecks produced the reinforcers. The absolute size of negative contrast varied directly with component duration, when treadle presses produced the reinforcers (Experiment 3). These results conform to theories that suggest that positive and negative contrast are symmetrical when pigeons peck keys. They also conform to theories that suggest that the same principles do not govern contrast when pigeons peck keys as when they press treadles. Finally, the results support the measurement of behavioral contrast by the differences between baseline rates of responding and the rates emitted when contrast is present. 相似文献
320.
Katie M. Edwards Victoria L. Banyard Elizabeth A. Moschella Katherine M. Seavey 《American journal of community psychology》2016,58(3-4):434-445
This study qualitatively examined rural emerging adults’ ways of thinking (i.e., lay theories) about the causes of intimate partner violence (IPV) and ideas on how to prevent IPV most effectively. Participants were 74 individuals (majority Caucasian, heterosexual, low income) between the ages of 18 and 24 who resided in one of 16 rural communities. Participants’ perceptions of the causes of IPV included (a) individual‐level pathology, stress, and lack of education; (b) intergenerational transmission of violence and early‐life factors; (c) relationship stressors and challenges; and (d) community factors. Furthermore, participants felt that IPV could most effectively be prevented through (a) education and awareness; (b) victim‐focused efforts (e.g., teaching self‐esteem); and (c) job creation. Overall, participants identified a number of established risk factors for IPV perpetration across the social ecological model, although a number were never or rarely mentioned (e.g., peer group norms, positive bystander action, and collective efficacy). Future research should examine if and how perceptions of the causes of IPV impact IPV prevention engagement and impact. Further, prevention initiatives that take into account understandings of lay theories about IPV may be more impactful in reducing IPV than prevention initiatives that do not. 相似文献