乐观性对自我反思和内在觉知与心理健康之间关系的调节作用

本研究的主要目的是检验乐观性对自我反思和内在觉知与心理健康之间关系的调节作用。研究被试为来自北京市三所高校的568名大学生,所采用的主要测量工具有:个人自我意识量表,乐观性问卷、自尊量表和一般健康问卷(GHQ-20)。主要研究结果为:(1)乐观性可以调节自我反思和一般健康状况之间的关系、但是不可以调节自我反思和自尊之间的关系;(2)乐观性可以调节内在觉知和一般健康状况之间的关系,同时也可以调节自我反思和自尊之间的关系。本研究的主要结论是:乐观性对于自我反思和内在觉知与心理健康之间关系的调节作用假设得到部分支持。     

Ready or not? Stages of change as predictors of brief group therapy outcome in bulimia nervosa

Although group therapy is often recommended for the treatment of bulimia nervosa, relatively little is known about predictors of short-term outcome. This pilot study examined whether a standardized measure of readiness for change might be related to changes in binge frequency. Sixteen bulimic patients participated in short-term cognitive behavioral group therapy for twelve weeks. Each patient completed the Change Assessment Scale prior to treatment, along with a battery of symptom measures which were readministered at the conclusion of therapy. Bulimic patients with positive outcome in binge frequency were at a higher stage of readiness for change at pretreatment than were patients with negative outcome. Results indicated that there may be methods of determining who would be most likely to benefit from cognitive behavioral group therapy, and tentatively suggest that interventions may be more successful when readiness for change is taken into consideration.     

高中学生心理应激及其中介变量的研究

学生的心理应激与心理健康问题日益受到人们的关注。本研究对浙江省范围内的４３７名高中学生进行应激源、中介变量和应激反应方面的调查研究,并在此基础上,对高中学生的心理应激过程作了较详细的探讨。研究表明：（１）高中学生的主要应激源是学习压力及与家庭亲友的人际关系问题,（２）对高中学生的应激反应有影响的中介变量主要是社会支持和“问题解决”、“逃避”等应对策略。本研究结论认为,在高中学生的心理卫生工作中要注意减轻他们的学习压力,加强社会支持系统的建立及积极应对方式的教育。     

Items bundles

An item bundle is a small group of multiple choice items that share a common reading passage or graph, or a small group of matching items that share distractors. Item bundles are easily identified by paging through a copy of a test. Bundled items may violate the latent conditional independence assumption of unidimensional item response theory (IRT), but such a violation would not typically suggest the existence of a new fundamental human ability to read one specific reading passage or to interpret one specific graph. It is important, therefore, to have theoretical concepts and empirical checks that distinguish between, on the one hand, anticipated violations of latent conditional independence within item bundles, and, on the other hand, violations that cannot be attributed to idiosyncratic features of test format and instead suggest departures from unidimensionalty. To this end, two theorems on unidimensional IRT are extended to describe observable item response distributions when there is conditional independencebetween but not necessarilywithin item bundles.The author is grateful to Ivo Molenaar and the referees for many helpful suggestions, and to D. Thayer for assistance with computing.     

A generalized method of image analysis from an intercorrelation matrix which may be singular

Following the works of Guttman (1953) and Kaiser (1976), we show that the image and anti-image covariance matrices can be derived from a singular correlation matrix, by making use of the orthogonal projector and a weaker generalized inverse matrix.     

Maximum likelihood estimation of multivariate polyserial and polychoric correlation coefficients

The method of finding the maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters in a multivariate normal model with some of the component variables observable only in polytomous form is developed. The main stratagem used is a reparameterization which converts the corresponding log likelihood function to an easily handled one. The maximum likelihood estimates are found by a Fletcher-Powell algorithm, and their standard error estimates are obtained from the information matrix. When the dimension of the random vector observable only in polytomous form is large, obtaining the maximum likelihood estimates is computationally rather labor expensive. Therefore, a more efficient method, the partition maximum likelihood method, is proposed. These estimation methods are demonstrated by real and simulated data, and are compared by means of a simulation study.     

The relationship between external variables and common factors

A theorem is presented which gives the range of possible correlations between a common factor and an external variable (i.e., a variable not included in the test battery factor analyzed). Analogous expressions for component (and regression component) theory are also derived. Some situations involving external correlations are then discussed which dramatize the theoretical differences between components and common factors.Support by the National Research Council of Canada (NRC Grant No. A4640) and the University of British Columbia (UBC Humanities and Social Sciences Grant 26-9718) is gratefully acknowledged.This paper is based in part on the author's Ph.D. dissertation. I am particularly grateful to my dissertation advisor, Dr. Peter H. Schönemann. Thanks also to the editor and the anonymous reviewers, who contributed many helpful comments and suggestions.     

Combined antecedent variables as motivating operations within functional analyses

Functional analysis test conditions typically manipulate a single antecedent variable and an associated consequence to better isolate response-reinforcer relations. In some instances no problem behavior is observed, perhaps representing a false-negative finding. The present study evaluated one approach to assess potentially false-negative findings within functional analyses. Participants were exposed to single-antecedent functional analysis test conditions and combined-antecedent test conditions within a multielement design. Both participants engaged in problem behavior primarily during the combined-antecedent test conditions, and treatments matched to the results were effective in reducing problem behavior. Findings are discussed in terms of clinical implications of combining antecedent variables to further examine potentially false-negative functional analysis results.     

Lateralised processing of the internal and the external facial features of personally familiar and unfamiliar faces: a visual half-field study

In this visual half field (VHF) experiment, we investigated possible differences between the left and the right hemisphere in the processing of the internal and external features of familiar and unfamiliar faces. Previous studies using famous and unknown faces had indicated that both hemispheres use the same qualitative mode of processing with the internal features being more important for the perception of familiar faces. In this experiment, personally familiar faces rather than famous faces are used. There are several, mainly methodological, reasons why personally familiar faces are more appropriate stimuli to investigate face processing. The results of the present study showed that no overall visual field effect occurred, but more importantly, that face processing in the left hemisphere differed qualitatively from that in the right hemisphere. The theoretical repercussions of these findings are discussed.