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71.
Douglas P. Lackey 《The Journal of Ethics》2005,9(3-4):551-572
In the Arena Chapel in Padua, Giotto painted seven allegorical representations of virtues and seven allegorical representations
of vices. This article probes the sources for the list of virtues and the list of vices. The ensemble of virtues can be located
in St. Thomas Aquinas; the ensemble of the vices, however, is original. The result is a new account of vices that displaces
the odler account of the “seven deadly sins.” 相似文献
72.
Elizabeth J. Krumrei-Mancuso 《The journal of positive psychology》2017,12(1):13-28
AbstractResearch has established links between humility and prosocial outcomes. This study examined, with self-report data, whether humility with regard to one’s knowledge would be predictive of prosocial values. Consistent with hypotheses, intellectual humility was associated with higher levels of empathy, gratitude, altruism, benevolence, and universalism, and lower levels of power seeking. Analyses supported empathy and gratitude as mediators between intellectual humility and prosocial values. These findings leave open the possibility that intellectual humility may be a precursor to links previously established between empathy and gratitude and prosocial outcomes. Characteristics of intellectual humility such as recognizing one’s cognitive limits, having a non-defensive stance toward one’s beliefs, and respecting others’ viewpoints may put one in a unique position to experience empathy and gratitude, and by extension, a host of prosocial values. Future research would be required to examine whether intellectual humility is a possible point of intervention for promoting positive social interactions. 相似文献
73.
Aiden P. Gregg Nikhila Mahadevan Constantine Sedikides 《The journal of positive psychology》2017,12(1):59-73
AbstractWe outline an evolutionary-embodied-epistemological (EEE) account of intellectual arrogance (IA), proposing that people psychologically experience their important beliefs as valued possessions – mental materialism – that they must fight to keep – ideological territoriality – thereby disposing them toward IA. Nonetheless, IA should still vary, being higher among people taking a hostile and domineering epistemic stance (rejecting reality, resisting evidence) than among those taking an open and deferential one (embracing reality, respecting evidence). Such variations can be predicted from people’s standing on the communion-agency circumplex at multiple levels of analysis (i.e. from their social inclusion and status; dispositional warmth and competence; and behavioral amiability and assertiveness). Using pre-validated indices of mental materialism and ideological territoriality, and an argument evaluation task permitting the quantification of rational objectivity and egotistical bias, we obtained consistent correlational evidence that, as hypothesized, IA is the highest when agency is high and communion low, validating the EEE account. 相似文献
74.
Standardized tests are used widely in comparative studies of clinical populations, either as dependent or control variables. Yet, one cannot always be sure that the test items measure the same constructs in the groups under study. In the present work, 460 participants with intellectual disability of undifferentiated etiology and 488 typical children were tested using Raven's Colored Progressive Matrices (RCPM). Data were analyzed using binomial logistic regression modeling designed to detect differential item functioning (DIF). Results showed that 12 items out of 36 function differentially between the two groups, but only 2 items exhibit at least moderate DIF. Thus, a very large majority of the items have identical discriminative power and difficulty levels across the two groups. It is concluded that RCPM can be used with confidence in studies comparing participants with and without intellectual disability. In addition, it is suggested that methods for investigating internal bias of tests used in cross-cultural, cross-linguistic or cross-gender comparisons should also be regularly employed in studies of clinical populations, particularly in the field of developmental disability, to show the absence of systematic measurement error (i.e. DIF) affecting item responses. 相似文献
75.
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77.
Epidemiology is a core science of public health, focusing on research related to the distribution and determinants of both
positive and adverse health states and events and on application of knowledge gained to improve public health. The American
College of Epidemiology (ACE) is a professional organization devoted to the professional practice of epidemiology. As part
of that commitment, and in response to concerns for more explicit attention to core values and duties of epidemiologists in
light of emerging issues and increased scrutiny of epidemiology, the College developed, adopted, and published a set of Ethics
Guidelines. The structure of the ACE ethics guidelines is in four parts: (1) a brief statement of core values and duties of
epidemiologists, coupled with the virtues important to professional practice; (2) concise statements of key duties and obligations;
(3) exposition of the duties and obligations with more applications; and (4) a brief summary and conclusion. The Guidelines
have been published on the ACE website and in the official College journal Annals of Epidemiology. The guidelines contain (and maintain) core elements that define the discipline of epidemiology and its fundamental duties,
but they are also intended to be dynamic and evolving, responsive to a changing professional and social environment.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at the AAAS-Office of Research Integrity (ORI) meeting in Washington DC on
the theme: “The Role and Activities of Scientific Societies in Promoting Research Integrity” held on April 10–11, 2000.
Affiliations of co-authors: Douglas L. Weed, MD, MPH, PhD is Director of the Cancer Prevention Fellowship Program, Office
of Preventive Oncology, National Cancer Institute; Jeffrey P. Kahn, PhD, MPH, is Professor of Medicine and Director of the
Center for Bioethics, UMN Twin Cities, Minneapolis; Michael A. Stoto, PhD, is Associate Director for Public Health, RAND Center
for Domestic and International Health Security, Arlington, VA. 相似文献
78.
Categorization is an essential cognitive process, but it seems deficient in children with intellectual disability. This study aimed to assess the improvement of categorization performances in children with intellectual disability by a metacognitive training. The specificity of the metacognitive training was tested by assessing two types of training, one metacognitive and the other not. The performances of categorical flexibility, that is to say, flexible use of categorization in 34 children with intellectual disability schooled in a special school (ULIS) were first evaluated. An intervention (metacognitive training, or training without metacognitive orientation, or no training) was then proposed one week later, followed by a second evaluation of the categorical flexibility performances. Furthermore, two versions of the categorical flexibility task were proposed so allowing the comparison of the use of perceptive categorization (shape and color) and semantic categorization (taxonomic and thematic). The results show that when the categorization requested are perceptive children with intellectual disability achieve performances at the ceiling level, contrary to the case of semantic categorization. Only children having benefited from a metacognitive training significantly increased their performances in semantic categorical flexibility task. These results show the possibility of training the semantic categorical flexibility in children with intellectual disability and suggest a possibility of transferring learning. 相似文献
79.
Ryan R. Green Alyson Froehlich Molly B. D. Prigge Brittany G. Travers Annahir N. Cariello 《Child neuropsychology》2016,22(7):795-817
Few studies have examined the visuomotor integration (VMI) abilities of individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). An all-male sample consisting of 56 ASD participants (ages 3–23 years) and 36 typically developing (TD) participants (ages 4–26 years) completed the Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration (Beery VMI) as part of a larger neuropsychological battery. Participants were also administered standardized measures of intellectual functioning and the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS), which assesses autism and autism-like traits. The ASD group performed significantly lower on the Beery VMI and on all IQ measures compared to the TD group. VMI performance was significantly correlated with full scale IQ (FSIQ), performance IQ (PIQ), and verbal IQ (VIQ) in the TD group only. However, when FSIQ was taken into account, no significant Beery VMI differences between groups were observed. Only one TD participant scored 1.5 standard deviations (SDs) below the Beery VMI normative sample mean, in comparison to 21% of the ASD sample. As expected, the ASD group was rated as having significantly higher levels of social impairment on the SRS compared to the TD group across all major domains. However, level of functioning on the SRS was not associated with Berry VMI performance. These findings demonstrate that a substantial number of individuals with ASD experience difficulties compared to TD in performing VMI-related tasks, and that VMI is likely affected by general cognitive ability. The fact that lowered Beery VMI performance occurred only within a subset of individuals with ASD and did not correlate with SRS would indicate that visuomotor deficits are not a core feature of ASD, even though they present at a higher rate of impairment than observed in TD participants. 相似文献
80.
Toleration and neutrality are not always distinguished. When they are, they are often offered as two complementary solutions
for the problem of achieving political unity and a degree of mutual acceptance within a pluralist liberal polity. The essay
shows the concepts to be fundamentally distinct, and then argues that instead of being mutually supporting, they are mutually
exclusive. Neutralist liberals, it is argued, must give up toleration in favour of the virtue of neutrality on the part of
citizens.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献