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91.
Neil Edward Williams 《Synthese》2009,170(1):7-19
Arguing against the claim that every dispositional property is grounded in some property other than itself, Stephen Mumford
presents what he calls the ‘Ungrounded Argument’. If successful, the Ungrounded Argument would represent a major victory for
anti-Humean metaphysics over its Humean rivals, as it would allow for the existence of primitive modality. Unfortunately,
Humeans need not yet be worried, as the Ungrounded Argument is itself lacking in grounding. I indicate where Mumford’s argument
falls down, claiming that even the dispositions of the simplest particles can have categorical bases. 相似文献
92.
James A. Marcum 《Theoretical medicine and bioethics》2009,30(3):249-265
Today, modern Western medicine is facing a quality-of-care crisis that is undermining the patient–physician relationship.
In this paper, a notion of the epistemically virtuous clinician is proposed in terms of both the reliabilist and responsibilist
versions of virtue epistemology, in order to help address this crisis. To that end, a clinical case study from the literature
is first reconstructed. The reliabilist intellectual virtues, including the perceptual and conceptual virtues, are then discussed
and applied to the case study. Next, a similar method is employed to examine the responsibilist intellectual virtues, including
curiosity, courage, honesty, and humility, and to apply them to the case study. To round out the discussion, the love of knowledge
and both theoretical and practical wisdom are explored and applied to the case study. The paper concludes with a brief discussion
of how the notion of an epistemically virtuous clinician addresses the quality-of-care crisis, in terms of the connection
between ethical and intellectual virtues, and of the notion’s implications for medical education.
相似文献
James A. MarcumEmail: |
93.
Joanna Huxster Melissa Hopkins Julia Bresticker Jason Leddington Matthew Slater 《Philosophical Psychology》2017,30(8):1141-1158
Strategies for effectively communicating scientific findings to the public are an important and growing area of study. Recognizing that some complex subjects require recipients of information to take a more active role in constructing an understanding, we sought to determine whether it was possible to increase subjects’ intellectual effort via “priming” methodologies. In particular, we asked whether subconsciously priming “intellectual virtues” (IVs), such as curiosity, perseverance, patience, and diligence might improve participants’ effort and performance on various cognitive tasks. In the first experiment, we found no significant differences in either effort or understanding between IV-primed and neutrally-primed individuals across two different priming techniques. The second experiment measured the effect of IV-priming on intellectual effort in simpler, shorter-duration puzzles and exploration activities; here, we observed an effect, but given its low strength and short duration, we do not believe that priming of IVs is a promising strategy for science communication. 相似文献
94.
The factor structure of the Reynolds Intellectual Assessment Scales (RIAS; [Reynolds, C.R., & Kamphaus, R.W. (2003). Reynolds Intellectual Assessment Scales. Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc.]) was investigated with a large (N = 1163) independent sample of referred students (ages 6-18). More rigorous factor extraction criteria (viz., Horn's parallel analysis (HPA); [Horn, J.L. (1965). A rationale and test for the number of factors in factor analysis. Psychometrika, 30, 179-185.], and Minimum Average Partial (MAP) analysis; [Velicer, W.F. (1976). Determining the number of components from the matrix of partial correlations. Psychometrika, 41, 321-327.]), in addition to those used in RIAS development, were investigated. Exploratory factor analyses using both orthogonal and oblique rotations and higher-order exploratory factor analyses using the Schmid and Leiman [Schmid, J., and Leiman, J.M. (1957). The development of hierarchical factor solutions. Psychometrika, 22, 53-61.] procedure were conducted. All factor extraction criteria indicated extraction of only one factor. Oblique rotations resulted in different results than orthogonal rotations, and higher-order factor analysis indicated the largest amount of variance was accounted for by the general intelligence factor. The proposed three-factor solution was not supported. Implications for the use of the RIAS with similarly referred students are discussed. 相似文献
95.
Elizabeth Brake 《Ethical Theory and Moral Practice》2007,10(3):243-254
This paper develops a Kantian account of the moral assessment of institutions. The problem I address is this: while a deontological
theory may find that some legal institutions are required by justice, it is not obvious how such a theory can assess institutions
not strictly required (or prohibited) by justice. As a starting-point, I consider intuitions that in some cases it is desirable
to attribute non-consequentialist moral value to institutions not required by justice. I will argue that neither consequentialist
nor virtue-ethical accounts account for these intuitions, suggesting that a distinctive deontological account is needed. The
account I give is drawn from Kant’s Metaphysics of Morals; I distinguish it from Kantian views of institutions developed by Barbara Herman and Onora O’Neill. Throughout, I use marriage
as an example.
相似文献
Elizabeth BrakeEmail: |
96.
In their recent article Powell and Nettelbeck (2014) question the predictive validity of intellectual curiosity for academic performance. We discuss here three issues we found with their report. 相似文献
97.
John J. Carvalho 《Zygon》2007,42(2):289-300
One of the most threatening problems the world faces is the growing poverty crisis and the related human rights inequalities and the spread of diseases in underprivileged areas. Human rights and relief organizations try hard to contain the devastation of these interconnected difficulties. What is the role of the biomedical scientist in this endeavor? The challenges that biomedical scientists face in their research lead us to question whether scientists can go beyond the time‐consuming realm of experimental investigation and engage the issues of society in a more public way. I suggest how the scientist's role can be expanded in our complex and precarious world, introducing the idea of the modern biomedical researcher as scientist, scholar‐philosopher, and statesman for the scientific community and the larger human rights community. I provide examples of where the scientist can interface with human rights organizations, medical doctors, political and civic leaders, and the science‐religion dialogue. My argument reveals the emerging role of the biomedical scientist as one of public service in addition to and beyond the realm of the experimental investigator. This role, however, is formidable, and I list some of the obstacles it entails. 相似文献
98.
《Psychologie Fran?aise》2021,66(3):207-222
BackgroundSetting up a personalised project for any person with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities (PIMD) requires an evaluation of their cognitive skills. Nevertheless an international literature review highlights: a lack of adequate tools for evaluation of the cognitive skills of people with PIMD; the need to create standardised protocols. In 2009, Scelles et al. proposed the P2CJP–Profil de Compétences Cognitives du Jeune Polyhandicapé. This tool was designed for children up to 14 years of age. In 2017, this scale has been revised and extended to the adults, and called ECP (Evaluation-Cognition-PIMD).MethodTo elaborate and validate this tool, a statistical methodology has been combined with a qualitative process close to professionals and parents. The aim was to assess the relevance and the ergonomic of the ECP, the comprehension of items, the facility of use, the guideline and at least the effects regarding the practice.ResultsThe qualitative analyse of user backgrounds, at all validation stages, let adapt the ECP as well on the content as on the form. This work reveals the necessity to continue to adapt the ECP through interactions between users and searchers. 相似文献
99.
Morality and parenting: An ethical framework for decisions about the treatment of imperiled newborns
Jeffrey Blustein 《Theoretical medicine and bioethics》1988,9(1):23-32
This essay is written in the belief that questions relating to the treatment of impaired and imperiled newborns cannot be adequately resolved in the absence of a general moral theory of parent-child relations. The rationale for treatment decisions in these cases should be consistent with principles that ought to govern the normal work of parenting. The first section of this paper briefly examines the social contract theory elaborated by John Rawls in his renowned book A Theory of Justice and extracts from it normative principles that can guide us in our attempt to lay a rational foundation for parenthood. The second section clarifies the implications of a Rawlsian theory for the problem at hand by examining several standards that have been proposed for the treatment of impaired newborns: the strict right-to-life standard, the medical decision standard, and the quality-of-life standard. A Rawlsian standard, by contrast, is autonomy-based. That is, it would have us base our treatment decisions on consideration of the child's capacity for developing critical rationality in making decisions on his or her own. This standard, it is suggested, avoids morally objectionable features of the others. 相似文献
100.
María Ángeles Alcedo Yolanda Fontanil Patricia Solís Ignacio Pedrosa Antonio L. Aguado 《International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology》2017,17(1):38-45
Background/Objective: Ageing and progressive increase in life expectancy in people with intellectual disability present significant challenges. The present study is to examine the needs that arise in the aging process of this population. To detect these needs is fundamental to ensure personal wellbeing; almost no psychometrically sound instruments have been developed. Method: A structured interview was developed and evaluated by a panel of 20 experts to obtain evidence of content validity. The interview was then applied to 1,173 people with intellectual disability. The ages ranged from 35 to 80 (M = 52.27; SD = 7.5). Results: The interview consisted of 93 items evaluating four areas: perceived needs, personal problems, future perspectives, and solutions required. The results demonstrated the proximity and relationship of the various needs evaluated. In addition it was observed that those with intellectual disability who were older, male and users of residential services tended to indicate more needs, problems, and required more solutions. Conclusions: The instrument has adequate evidence of validity, allowing the evaluation of specific needs of people with intellectual disability. The results advocate the design of transversal intervention policies in order to effectively meet the needs and requirements of this population. 相似文献