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71.
Louis Lefebvre Nikoleta Juretic Nektaria Nicolakakis Sarah Timmermans 《Animal cognition》2001,4(2):91-97
The short notes of ornithology journals feature new and unusual feeding behaviours, which, when systematically collated,
could provide a quantitative estimate of behavioural flexibility in different bird groups. Previous studies suggest that taxonomic
variation in the frequency of new behaviours (innovations) is correlated with variation in relative forebrain size. Recent
work on primates shows, however, that observer bias can affect innovation frequency. We assess this possibility in birds via
three estimates in North America and Australia: the number of full-length papers in academic journals, the frequency of photographs
in birding magazines and a questionnaire on reporting bias given to ornithologists at a meeting. We also look at sampling
effects due to single journal sources by doing a split-half analysis of our North American database (The Wilson Bulletin vs. six other journals) and adding three new Australian journals to the one we had used previously. In multiple regressions
that also included species number per taxon, none of the potential biases could account for the correlation between forebrain
size and innovation frequency. Species number was the best predictor of full-length paper frequency, which was the best predictor
of photograph numbers. Ornithologists are not preferentially interested in innovative, large-brained taxa, suggesting that
the correlation between innovations and neural substrate size is not a spurious effect of the biases examined here.
Accepted after revision: 27 July 2001
Electronic Publication 相似文献
72.
This paper presents a new polychoric instrumental variable (PIV) estimator to use in structural equation models (SEMs) with
categorical observed variables. The PIV estimator is a generalization of Bollen’s (Psychometrika 61:109–121, 1996) 2SLS/IV
estimator for continuous variables to categorical endogenous variables. We derive the PIV estimator and its asymptotic standard
errors for the regression coefficients in the latent variable and measurement models. We also provide an estimator of the
variance and covariance parameters of the model, asymptotic standard errors for these, and test statistics of overall model
fit. We examine this estimator via an empirical study and also via a small simulation study. Our results illustrate the greater
robustness of the PIV estimator to structural misspecifications than the system-wide estimators that are commonly applied
in SEMs.
Kenneth Bollen gratefully acknowledges support from NSF SES 0617276, NIDA 1-RO1-DA13148-01, and DA013148-05A2. Albert Maydeu-Olivares
was supported by the Department of Universities, Research and Information Society (DURSI) of the Catalan Government, and by
grant BSO2003-08507 from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology. We thank Sharon Christ, John Hipp, and Shawn Bauldry
for research assistance. The comments of the members of the Carolina Structural Equation Modeling (CSEM) group are greatly
appreciated. An earlier version of this paper under a different title was presented by K. Bollen at the Psychometric Society
Meetings, June, 2002, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. 相似文献
73.
自我实现的幸福——心理幸福感研究述评 总被引:20,自引:0,他引:20
心理幸福感是基于实现论的幸福感研究范式,研究者认为幸福并不只是情感上的体验,而更应该关注个人潜能的实现,从理论出发建构幸福感的结构,指导幸福感测量的发展。已有的研究表明,人口学变量、人格变量和生活事件等内外因素可以较为有效地预测心理幸福感水平。近年来,心理幸福感与主观幸福感之间呈现出整合的趋势。此外,中国人的幸福感研究在借鉴西方成果的同时,仍然需要立足于本土文化,做进一步的理论探讨和实证检验 相似文献
74.
Joaquim Armando Ferreira Eduardo J.R. Santos Richard F. Haase 《Journal of Vocational Behavior》2007,70(1):61-77
This paper presents empirical findings from a 10-year longitudinal study of the educational and occupational socialization of 445 participants who were about 7 years old when first tested, and about 17 years old at the fourth time of measurement. In addition to collecting psychological measurements from the participants, behavioral reports were collected from significant others, specifically parents and teachers. Findings demonstrated that the life/career evolution of the participants can be understood only when taking into account the dynamic interaction between the unique personal characteristics of individuality of each person and the psychosocial theatre within which the person’s development takes place. Using the life-span, life-space framework of Super, and the Developmental-Contextual model from Vondracek, different emerging early predictors with unique impact on the process of educational and occupational socialization were identified, especially with respect to the probability of dropping out of school. Results in terms of gender, parental influences, psychological characteristics, and social context are discussed with regard to their potential implications for psychological interventions in schools, families, and occupational settings, as well as with regard to personal counseling in what concerns the management of life circumstances and behavioral ecosystems. 相似文献
75.
There is a consensus that Alzheimer's disease (AD) impairs semantic information, with one of the first markers being anomia i.e. an impaired ability to name items. Doubts remain, however, about whether this naming impairment differentially affects items from the living and nonliving knowledge domains. Most studies have reported an impairment for naming living things (e.g. animals or plants), a minority have found an impairment for nonliving things (e.g. tools or vehicles), and some have found no category-specific effect. A survey of the literature reveals that this lack of agreement may reflect a failure to control for intrinsic variables (such as familiarity) and the problems associated with ceiling effects in the control data. Investigating picture naming in 32 AD patients and 34 elderly controls, we used bootstrap techniques to deal with the abnormal distributions in both groups. Our analyses revealed the previously reported impairment for naming living things in AD patients and that this persisted even when intrinsic variables were covaried; however, covarying control performance eliminated the significant category effect. Indeed, the within-group comparison of living and nonliving naming revealed a larger effect size for controls than patients. We conclude that the category effect in Alzheimer's disease is no larger than is expected in the healthy brain and may even represent a small diminution of the normal profile. 相似文献
76.
Previous research suggests a moderator effect of intelligence on the relationship between impulsivity and academic achievement. However, the interaction hypothesis has not been adequately tested so far. The present study was aimed to analyze the interrelations between impulsivity, intelligence, and academic performance, with special interest in testing the interaction effect between impulsivity and intelligence in the prediction of performance. To that end, 174 university students, aged from 18 to 37 years, were tested. Analyses were carried out at the latent level in order to minimize measurement error and to increase statistical power. The main findings of the study show that: (a) impulsivity was negatively related to both academic performance and intelligence; (b) intelligence was positively related to academic performance; (c) impulsivity and intelligence contributed significantly and independently to predict and explain academic performance; and (d) there was a significant interaction effect between impulsivity and intelligence in predicting academic performance, such that impulsivity was more strongly associated with performance among the more intelligent students than among the less intelligent ones. 相似文献
77.
HyeSun Lee 《International Journal of Testing》2014,14(4):313-338
Differential item functioning (DIF) analysis is important in terms of test fairness. While DIF analyses have mainly been conducted with manifest grouping variables, such as gender or race/ethnicity, it has been recently claimed that not only the grouping variables but also contextual variables pertaining to examinees should be considered in DIF analyses. This study adopted propensity scores to incorporate the contextual variables into the gender DIF analysis. In this study, propensity scores were used to control for the contextual variables that potentially affect the gender DIF. Subsequent DIF analyses with the Mantel-Haenszel (MH) procedure and the Logistic Regression (LR) model were run with the propensity score applied reference (males) and focal groups (females) through propensity score matching. The propensity score embedded MH model and LR model detected fewer number of gender DIF than the conventional MH and LR models. The propensity score embedded models, as a confirmatory approach in DIF analysis, could contribute to hypothesizing an inference on the potential cause of DIF. Also, salient advantages of propensity score embedded DIF analysis models are discussed. 相似文献
78.
《International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology》2014,14(2):128-136
The purpose of this study was to compare the psychometric properties of the Screen for Cognitive Impairment in Psychiatry (SCIP) when applied to patients diagnosed with schizophrenia (n = 126) or bipolar I disorder (n = 76), and also to compare the cognitive impairment in both samples of patients and a control group (n = 83) using the SCIP and a complete neuropsychological battery. The SCIP is a scale intended to quickly and easily assess cognitive impairment in patients with severe psychiatric disorders. The results showed firstly that, in terms of internal consistency, temporal stability, dimensional structure, and criterion-referenced validity, the SCIP provides reliable and valid scores at an equivalent level in both schizophrenia and bipolar I disorder samples. Secondly, it showed that differential cognitive impairment between the two patient groups occurs only in verbal memory, although the effect size of the difference is small. Finally, compared with the control group, cognitive impairment was present at all levels in both groups of patients using both the SCIP and the neuropsychological battery, which indicates that the SCIP is a good screening tool for cognitive deficits in schizophrenia and bipolar and useful in clinical practice for healthcare professionals. 相似文献
79.
80.
《Revue Européene de Psychologie Appliquée》2016,66(1):39-46
Introduction/ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to investigate, using path analysis (Lisrel 8.52), the relationships between subjective memory complaint and cognitive inhibition, lifestyle, and psycho-affective variables on a sample of non-demented older adults.MethodOur sample was composed of 109 older adults, who were required to undertake two cognitive inhibition tasks (stroop and verbal fluency) and to respond to scales designed to measure individuals’ psycho-affective status (depression/subjective health) and subjective memory complaint level (Mac Nair). Lifestyle predictors (education and activity levels) were also assessed.Results/ConclusionThis study highlights the importance of adopting a multifactorial approach to the study of subjective memory complaint. In addition to executive variables (verbal fluency task), predictors such as subjective health and activity levels seem to be crucial in our understanding of the psychological nature of subjective memory complaint. 相似文献