试论大学生家政教育的必要性和可行性

对大学生进行系统的家政教育,使他们有一定的未来家庭生活能力,是从整体上提高大学生的素质的必要环节,也是大学生社会化的基础。构建高校家政教育体系已具备了相当的主客观基础,时机日趋成熟,同时也成为我国高等教育面临的一项重要任务。     

Being a psychoanalyst: An everyday audacity1

This paper is the work of fi ve psychoanalysts who came together as a group in order to refl ect on their work as analysts. How are we analysts to identify the unconscious resistances that may sometimes hold us back from offering psychoanalysis to some patients? Do these resistances sometimes hamper the inner freedom that we require in order to maintain a psychoanalytic focus once that process is under way? How do we manage from time to time to overcome these resistances or, better, make use of them in order to develop our understanding of the unconscious dynamics that create the link between analyst and patient? The authors discuss these issues with particular reference to clinical situations taken from classic psychoanalytic treatment cases during which the analyst had to fi nd within him‐ or herself the audacity to be a psychoanalyst. Each clinical situation is different: preliminary interviews, in the course of the actual treatment, issues that emerge in the training of candidates. One of the signifi cant features of this group lies in the fact that the participants are at different stages in their development as psychoanalysts (student, associate member, full member, training analyst). This means that their experiences complement one another and encourage a discussion of issues such as how psychoanalysis can be passed on, and the relationship between supervisor and supervisee.     

A Propensity Score Adjustment for Multiple Group Structural Equation Modeling

In the behavioral and social sciences, quasi-experimental and observational studies are used due to the difficulty achieving a random assignment. However, the estimation of differences between groups in observational studies frequently suffers from bias due to differences in the distributions of covariates. To estimate average treatment effects when the treatment variable is binary, Rosenbaum and Rubin (1983a) proposed adjustment methods for pretreatment variables using the propensity score. However, these studies were interested only in estimating the average causal effect and/or marginal means. In the behavioral and social sciences, a general estimation method is required to estimate parameters in multiple group structural equation modeling where the differences of covariates are adjusted. We show that a Horvitz–Thompson-type estimator, propensity score weighted M estimator (PWME) is consistent, even when we use estimated propensity scores, and the asymptotic variance of the PWME is shown to be less than that with true propensity scores. Furthermore, we show that the asymptotic distribution of the propensity score weighted statistic under a null hypothesis is a weighted sum of independent χ² ₁ variables. We show the method can compare latent variable means with covariates adjusted using propensity scores, which was not feasible by previous methods. We also apply the proposed method for correlated longitudinal binary responses with informative dropout using data from the Longitudinal Study of Aging (LSOA). The results of a simulation study indicate that the proposed estimation method is more robust than the maximum likelihood (ML) estimation method, in that PWME does not require the knowledge of the relationships among dependent variables and covariates.     

重新审视肠易激综合征

肠易激综合征(IBS)作为新近日益受到重视的疑难疾病,以其固有的复杂性冲击着西医传统的疾病观。以其高发病率和对人类生活质量的严重影响促使复杂性探索研究在医学中应用并促进东方整体观在现代医学中复兴,从而用于解决诸如肠易激综合征等的医学疑难。重新审视IBS这种典型的心身相关特点显著的功能性疾病,促进对医学疑难问题研究和认识中观念的更新,特别是促进整体观在医学研究中的深化,从而有助于寻找到更有效的医学疑难病的解决方法。     

东西方儿童对友谊关系中的道德推理发展的跨文化研究

该研究以友谊许诺为主题的两难故事分别对冰岛(雷克雅未克市)和中国(北京市)7～15岁的儿童做个别访谈,比较研究了东西方文化儿童在友谊矛盾冲突情景中是如何做出行动决定选择和道德评价的。研究结果揭示了不同文化及与年龄相联系的社会认知能力对有关发展的影响。     

Cross-Level Replication and Extension of Steel and Rentsch's (1995) Longitudinal Absence Findings

Absenteeism findings published by Steel and Rentsch (1995) were replicated and extended by correlating attitudinal, personal-demographic, and job stress variables with 34 months of work group absenteeism scores obtained on employees of a U.S. federal mint. Attitudinal and job stress results were consistent with previous findings, but results involving personal-demographic variables were not.     

Successful Development: Childhood Antecedents of Adaptive Psychosocial Functioning in Adulthood

The study was part of the Jyväskylä Longitudinal Study of Personality and Social Development. Data on developmental background for 131 women and 130 men consisted of variables for (1) emotion regulation at age 8, (2) cognitive–motivational orientation at age 14, and (3) family circumstances, and data on adult outcomes for variables concerning psychosocial functioning at age 36. Links between the childhood and adulthood variables were investigated using the LISREL model which consisted of two parts, the measurement model and the structural equation model. Two correlating latent factors emerged from adult outcomes for men and women: Social Functioning, consisting of external criteria for successful development (stability of career line, controlled drinking, socialization) and Psychological Functioning, consisting of internal criteria (self-esteem and psychological well-being). Only Social Functioning was explained by developmental background. High emotion regulation in childhood was a more robust antecedent of good social functioning in men than in women.     

Beyond beliefs: Challenging obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviours within a collaborative counselling relationship

Three clients with obsessive‐compulsive disorder were studied using a multiple case study approach. Clients' experiences of cognitive‐behavioural therapy, in particular the impact of having their beliefs challenged, and their responses to self‐monitoring tasks and behavioural experiments were investigated. Data included case notes made during therapy, pre‐ and post‐therapy questionnaires, and post‐therapy semi‐structured interviews. Qualitative analysis of the data identified clients' obsessive beliefs, general negative beliefs and meta‐cognitive beliefs, and explored any post‐therapy changes in these beliefs. The results demonstrated similarities between cases in obsessive beliefs (e.g. inflated responsibility for harm), general negative beliefs (e.g. feelings of failure), meta‐cognitive beliefs (e.g. the need to control thoughts) and affect (e.g. guilt). Questionnaire data from all three clients suggested no clinically significant post‐therapy changes in general negative beliefs and meta‐cognitive beliefs. However, idiosyncratic changes in obsessive beliefs were reported during therapy and at post‐therapy interview, and clients reported improved functioning and decreased levels of distress during therapy and at interview. Responses to challenge were uniformly positive, but reactions to self‐monitoring and behavioural experiments varied across cases. The implications of these findings for the treatment of obsessive‐compulsive disorder using cognitive behavioural techniques are discussed.     

Issues and Strategies for Studying Latino Student Dropout at the Local Level

Latino student dropout is a national concern that must also be addressed strategically in local communities. Although national studies are important for pointing out areas of concern, local studies can provide more specific information for local policy development and implementation. This paper presents an example of local community-initiated needs assessment that addresses issues of Latino access to education. Focus groups and interviews were held with Latino students, parents, and community leaders as well as teachers and administrators. Issues and strategies of the needs assessment process are presented, which include involving key stakeholders, engaging community members as research partners, and engaging school personnel. General findings are presented and linked to accomplishments of the needs assessment process, such as increasing community awareness of issues and building commitment to implement strategies identified to reduce Latino student dropout.     

中学生心理素质特点的初步研究

运用问卷调查和因素分析等量性研究方法 ,结合技术性文献分析、开放性译码、主轴译码等扎根理论质性研究方法 ,对中学生心理素质概念和成分进行了探讨。中学生心理素质是以生理条件为基础的 ,将外在获得的东西内化成稳定的、基本的、衍生的 ,并与人的社会适应行为和创造行为密切联系的心理品质 ,包含认知特性、个性和适应性三个维度 ,具体化为 1 8个因素成分。编制的中学生心理素质量表具有较高的信度和效度。中学生心理素质表现出性别、年级的特点 ,从年级发展趋势来看 ,呈现高二 >初二 >初一 >高一 >高三 >初三的年级发展走向。