政治信任:心理学视角下的前因后果

政治信任(Political Trust)是近年来政治心理学和社会心理学研究领域的一个关键变量。研究主要从政治信任的概念、基础理论、特征、测量、相关前因及结果变量的比较及实证研究方面,对国内外相关实证研究进行了梳理与评析。针对现有研究情况,提出未来研究应注意从测量客观性、实验室操纵、相关因素关系、多学科综合研究等方面进一步完善。     

Institutional Betrayal in the Canadian Medical System: Reliability and Validity of a Self-Report Questionnaire

Institutional betrayal (IB), an institutional failure to either prevent or to respond supportively to a traumatic event, tends to cause trauma survivors further psychological distress. The medical system may exhibit significant levels of IB given the frequency of medical interactions and vulnerability of patients. The current study aimed to assess the reliability and validity of a new measure of IB in the medical system in a sample of 352 Canadian adults with chronic medical conditions. An exploratory factor analysis found 3 stable and reliable factors of IB: negative healthcare experiences, cognitive-affective reactions, and systemic responses to these experiences. Subsequent analyses found evidence supporting the validity of the IB questionnaire. As expected, IB predicted poorer mental health even after controlling for demographics, and traumatic experiences. Future studies should confirm that these factors hold in different populations, and should employ different experimental designs to better understand the causal factors of IB.     

员工真诚对同事关系的双刃剑效应：共事时间的调节作用

目前普遍认为员工在职场中的真诚有助于该员工与同事建立良好的关系。本研究提出员工真诚对同事关系的影响很可能积极和消极并存, 其作用效果取决于员工与同事之间的共事时间。基于社会渗透理论并整合归因的文献, 本研究认为同事怀疑和同事信任是员工真诚影响同事关系的关键中介机制。为检验本研究理论模型假设, 采用轮询问卷法(round-robin survey)和实验法分别开展两个独立调研。结果发现：在共事时间较短的情况下, 员工真诚会引发同事怀疑降低同事信任, 减少人际帮助并增加人际排斥。在共事时间较长的情况下, 员工真诚则有助于打消同事怀疑增加同事信任, 增多人际帮助并减少人际排斥。通过引入共事时间作为调节变量, 本研究发现员工真诚对同事关系的影响由消极转化为积极需要经过足够长时间的共事才能实现。     

权重望寡：如何化解低地位领导的补偿性辱虐管理行为?

权力与地位来源不同且体验有别, 二者分离是常态。如果领导者手握权柄却缺乏相应的地位威望, 将限制其控制力, 产生潜在不良后果。基于低地位补偿理论, 构建一个两阶段调节的中介模型, 设计两项研究, 旨在探索领导者“权重望寡” (即权力高, 地位低)所诱发的负面领导行为及其干预机制。研究1揭示: 相对于权力与地位匹配, 领导者权重望寡诱发辱虐管理。研究2探索其成因, 显示: (1)自我损耗中介权重望寡与辱虐管理的关系; (2)领导者正念以及更高层领导信任联合调节自我损耗的中介效应。研究表明, 低地位领导在维护地位过程中产生的自我损耗是引发辱虐管理的主因, 同时辱虐管理强度因人而异, 适可而止, 自身正念和高层信任有助于限制其作为不良补偿手段的蔓延。研究拓展了低地位补偿理论的应用领域, 也为化解权力与地位分离带来的组织冲突提供管理启示。     

Demand for mitigating the risk of COVID-19 infection in public transport: The role of social trust and fatalistic beliefs

The rapid surge of COVID-19 cases worldwide drew attention to COVID-19 infection as a new source of risk in transport. The virus introduced a need for viral transmission mitigation as a major priority when selecting a mode of travel, and caused a significant drop in public transport use. The recovery of public transport use in the post-COVID period requires that the transport authorities favourably address people’s demand for mitigation of the risk of COVID-19 transmission in public transport. The present study aims to explore the role of risk perception, worry and priority of COVID-19 risk reduction along with fatalistic beliefs and public trust in authorities in explaining public demand for risk mitigation. The present study is among the first to investigate the role of fatalistic beliefs, social trust and risk perception for public transport and public demand for risk mitigation. The link between priority of infection prevention and demand for risk mitigation has also been less explored in public transport research. An online survey was conducted among university students in Iran between 19th April and 16th June 2020, during the first wave of the pandemic, when the country was a major epicentre of the disease. A total of 271 out of 370 respondents whose dominant mode on university travels was public transport were included in the analysis. Results of structural equation modelling confirmed the paradox of trust, indicating that social trust is negatively associated with perceived risk of COVID-19 infection, which in turn may lead people to place less importance on COVID-19 prevention as a priority in travel mode choice, and consequently demand less risk mitigation efforts to prevent COVID-19 infection in public transport. Dissimilar to trust, however, the results revealed no relationship between fatalistic beliefs and risk perception, but a significant direct effect of fatalistic beliefs on demand for risk mitigation. To reinforce public demand for mitigating the risk of COVID-19 in public transport, the study calls on policymakers to exploit public trust resources for more effective risk communication, through disseminating the gradually accumulating evidence-based information regarding the infectivity and the virulence of COVID-19 and the scientific risk of infection. The study also underlined the potential importance of considering fatalistic beliefs when developing effective risk communication policies and practices to enhance public support for COVID-19 risk mitigation in public transport.     

工作场所中的心理安全:概念构思、影响因素和结果

工作场所中的心理安全感是一个多层面(个体层、团体层、组织层)的认知型构念,它指的是个体在如实表现自我时,相信其自我形象、地位和职业生涯等不会受到负面评价的感知,也是个体在群体、组织和人际交互中能够感受到安全的共享信念。个体特征、人际关系质量、群体活动与结构、领导特征等对员工心理安全感具有预测作用。而心理安全感对员工的学习行为、进谏行为、创新、工作敬业度和工作绩效等有着积极影响。未来关于心理安全感的研究需加强对结构测量等方面的进一步探讨。     

社会困境下政治信任对公众态度和合作行为的影响

现代社会面临的重要问题是如何有效地促进人们之间的相互合作,达到社会公共利益的最大化。因此,有关社会困境(social dilemma)的研究成为社会心理学领域的热点。随着群体理论的发展,研究者的研究视角逐渐从个体(individual)转向群体(collective),关注层级结构的群体(hierarchical groups)中,管理者或管理机构(权威)的特征和行为对个体合作行为的影响。其中,权威信任(trust in authority)和公正感(fairness)是影响个体态度和合作行为的重要变量。政治信任(political trust)也可以看作权威信任的一种,即在社会背景下,公众对社会管理权威(政府机构)的信任。未来研究应尝试在实验室里对政治信任的作用和机制进行探究,并进一步探究公正感在政治信任对态度及合作行为关系中的中介作用。     

经济博弈中儿童信任的发展

利用信任游戏考察242位小学3～6年级儿童在经济活动中信任的发展状况。结果表明:(1)在游戏中,儿童信任的年级差异显著,三年级儿童信任水平显著高于四年级,而四五六年级儿童信任水平逐渐增高;(2)在代表群体做出决策的情境下,儿童表现出比个体情境下更高的信任水平;(3)经济活动中儿童的信任存在性别差异,男生的信任水平要高于女生。     

Local communities responding to ecological challenges—A psycho‐social approach to the Natura 2000 Network

The institutionalization of biodiversity conservation through legal instruments has led to mixed reactions at both the individual and community levels, with conflict and resistance co‐existing with support. The overall purpose of this paper is to describe how rural communities living in areas included in the Natura 2000 Network of protected sites, where local practices of land use are regulated by new legal directives, receive biodiversity conservation goals. Previous studies suggest that this reception is strongly shaped by place identification, but their contradictory results demand further clarification. This study examines the role of psycho‐social variables identified by previous studies as potentially relevant moderators of identification: (a) Vested interest in natural resources, (b) evaluation of the designation process of protected areas and (c) institutional trust. It further extends previous research by analysing the support given to contextually relevant ecological practices. Results reveal a positive link between place identification and attitudes in the high vested interest condition and show that support for conservation practices is better predicted in the high vested interest and low trust conditions. The discussion focuses on the relevance of analysing contextually relevant psycho‐social moderators when attempting to understand how local communities' relation with biodiversity conservation is affected by legislative innovation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The effects of priming legal concepts on perceived trust and competitiveness, self-interested attitudes, and competitive behavior

Socio-legal scholars have suggested that, as a ubiquitous social system, law shapes social reality and provides interpretive frameworks for social relations. Across five studies, we tested the idea that the law shapes social reality by fostering the assumptions that people are self-interested, untrustworthy, and competitive. In Studies 1 and 2, we found that people implicitly associated legal concepts with competitiveness. Studies 3-5 showed that these associations had implications for social perceptions, self-interested attitudes, and competitive behavior. After being primed with constructs related to the law, participants perceived social actors as less trustworthy and the situation as more competitive (Study 3), became more against a political issue when it conflicted with their normative self-interest (Study 4), and made more competitive choices during a prisoner’s dilemma game when they believed that social relations were basically zero-sum in nature (Study 5). The implications and applications of these results are discussed.