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61.
Schizotypal personality disorder (SPD) is characterized by eccentric behavior and perceptual distortions that closely resemble
the patterns observed in those with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia and related personality disorders (i.e., SPD) are associated
with deficits in sustained attention, slower than normal reaction times, and manifestations of working memory deficits and
erratic cognitive tasks. The present study used the schizotypal personality scale (STA) to compare cognitive abilities of
self-reported low schizotypic tendency subjects with high schizotypic tendency subjects. The group scores on the STA differed
significantly. Those with high STA scores also tended to have higher state and trait anxiety scores based on the State-Trait
Anxiety Inventory (STAI). The groups did not significantly differ on any of the demographic variables tested, including age,
education, self-rated health status, and medication. Along with an executive function test, two computerized tasks tested
subjects on reaction time and memory. Even when covariates (i.e., state, trait anxiety scores) were analyzed, there were no
significant differences between the groups and tasks, although the gathered data showed trends in the expected direction. 相似文献
62.
Baej Szymura Kamila
migasiewicz Philip Corr 《Personality and individual differences》2007,43(8):2033-2046
In three separate experiments, we tested the hypothesis that a systematic relationship between psychoticism (P) and visual selective attention is infrequently observed because the tasks typically used to test individual differences in efficiency of attentional mechanisms do not entail attentional flexibility. We manipulated the selection rule of the computerized divided visual attention (DIVA) task to be either (a) a predictable, or (b) a random manner, and a secondary task was added to check the quality of high P scorers’ performance in an interference condition; and we also introduced breaks between DIVA tasks to allow for cue utilization. Results revealed that low P scorers outperformed high P scorers in the regular selection rule alternation condition (cue utilization possible), whereas high P scorers performed better in random alternation condition – high P scorers also showed performance superiority in the dual task condition unless stimuli presentation was speeded up. Thus, P does not necessarily impair attentional performance; indeed, our data point to performance advantages of high P, especially attentional efficiency in tasks requiring small demands of attentional control. 相似文献
63.
64.
HIROSHI TOYOTA 《The Japanese psychological research》2007,49(3):192-202
Abstract: Two experiments were carried out to investigate the changes across age groups in the effects of self-corrected elaboration on incidental memory. Each participant performed an orienting task involving three conditions: self-corrected, self-generated and experimenter-provided elaboration. The orienting task was followed by free recall tests. In Experiment 1, the participants were sixth-grade and second-grade students. For sixth-grade students the self-corrected elaboration led to a better free recall than the other two elaborations, whereas for the second-grade students, no difference was observed between any of the three elaborations. In Experiment 2, using a longer word list than that in Experiment 1, the participants were undergraduates. The self-corrected and self-generated elaborations led to a better free recall than the experimenter-provided elaboration, and no difference between the former two elaborations was observed. The results obtained from these two experiments were interpreted as showing that the effectiveness of a self-corrected elaboration depends on the participants' age. 相似文献
65.
The importance of risk-monitoring has been increasing in many key aspects of our modern lives. This paper examines how individuals monitor such risks collectively by extending a behavioral ecological model of animal foraging to human groups. Just as animals must forage for food under predatory risk, humans must divide valuable material and psychological resources between foraging activity and risk-monitoring activity. We predicted that game-theoretic aspects of the group situation complicate such a trade-off decision in resource allocation, eventually yielding a mixed equilibrium in a group. When the equilibrium is reached, only a subset of members engage in the risk-monitoring activity while others free-ride, concentrating mainly on their own foraging activity. Laboratory groups engaging in foraging under moderate risk provided a support to this prediction. When the risk-level was set higher, however, “herding behavior” (conforming to the dominant behavior) interfered with the emergence of equilibrium. Implications for risk management are discussed. 相似文献
66.
Individuals prefer to receive information that is consistent with their attitudes. Three experiments examined whether attitude strength moderates this selective exposure effect. Experiments 1A and 1B found that participants preferred attitudinally consistent information but that this effect was more pronounced to the extent that the attitude was strongly held. Experiment 2 replicated these findings and ruled out an alternative interpretation that a general tendency to hold strong attitudes rather than issue-specific attitude strength moderates selective exposure. Discussion concerns the implications of these findings and the possibility that other variables moderate the selective exposure effect. 相似文献
67.
Michael L. DeKay Dalia Patiño-Echeverri Paul S. Fischbeck 《Organizational behavior and human decision processes》2009
Substantial evidence indicates that information is distorted during decision making, but very few studies have assessed the distortion of probability and outcome information in risky decisions. In two studies involving six binary decisions (e.g., banning blood donations from people who have visited England, because of “mad cow disease”), student and nonstudent participants distorted their evaluations of probability and outcome information in the direction of their preferred decision alternative and used these biased evaluations to update their preferences. Participants also evaluated the utilities of possible outcomes more positively when the outcomes could follow only from the preferred alternative and more negatively when they could follow only from the competing alternative. Such circular reasoning is antithetical to the normative consequentialist principles underlying decision analysis. Presenting numerical information as precise values or as ranges of values did not significantly affect information distortion, apparently because the manipulation did not affect perceived ambiguity as intended. 相似文献
68.
The study investigated the effects of writing and self-help information on severity of psychological symptoms in traumatic injury patients at risk for developing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Patients attending Accident and Emergency (A & E), were screened for Acute Stress Disorder and randomised to an information control group (n = 36) or a writing and information group (n = 31). Participants in both groups received an information booklet one-month post-injury. Participants in the writing group also wrote about emotional aspects of their trauma during three 20-min sessions, five to six weeks post-injury. Psychological assessments were completed within one month and at three and six months post-injury. There were significant improvements on measures of anxiety, depression and PTSD over time. Differences between groups on these measures were not statistically significant. However, subjective ratings of the usefulness of writing were high. In conclusion, the results do not currently support the use of writing as a targeted early intervention technique for traumatic injury patients at risk of developing PTSD. 相似文献
69.
David Ellerman 《Synthese》2009,168(1):119-149
Categorical logic has shown that modern logic is essentially the logic of subsets (or “subobjects”). In “subset logic,” predicates
are modeled as subsets of a universe and a predicate applies to an individual if the individual is in the subset. Partitions
are dual to subsets so there is a dual logic of partitions where a “distinction” [an ordered pair of distinct elements (u, u′) from the universe U] is dual to an “element”. A predicate modeled by a partition π on U would apply to a distinction if the pair of elements was distinguished by the partition π, i.e., if u and u′ were in different blocks of π. Subset logic leads to finite probability theory by taking the (Laplacian) probability as the normalized size of each subset-event
of a finite universe. The analogous step in the logic of partitions is to assign to a partition the number of distinctions
made by a partition normalized by the total number of ordered |U|2 pairs from the finite universe. That yields a notion of “logical entropy” for partitions and a “logical information theory.”
The logical theory directly counts the (normalized) number of distinctions in a partition while Shannon’s theory gives the
average number of binary partitions needed to make those same distinctions. Thus the logical theory is seen as providing a
conceptual underpinning for Shannon’s theory based on the logical notion of “distinctions.”
This paper is dedicated to the memory of Gian-Carlo Rota—mathematician, philosopher, mentor, and friend. 相似文献
70.
Social events can be described from the perspective of either a person in the situation in which the event occurs (e.g., “John came into…”) or that of an outside observer (“John went into…”). We find that when individuals are disposed to form visual images, they have difficulty comprehending both verbal statements and pictures when the perspective from which the event is described differs from the perspective from which they have encountered similar events in daily life. Furthermore, the disposition to form visual images increases the intensity of emotional reactions to an event when the event is described from the perspective of someone in the situation in which it occurs. These effects are not evident, however, among individuals who typically process information semantically without forming visual images. 相似文献