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731.
First word learning should be difficult because any pairing of a word and scene presents the learner with an infinite number of possible referents. Accordingly, theorists of children's rapid word learning have sought constraints on word-referent mappings. These constraints are thought to work by enabling learners to resolve the ambiguity inherent in any labeled scene to determine the speaker's intended referent at that moment. The present study shows that 12- and 14-month-old infants can resolve the uncertainty problem in another way, not by unambiguously deciding the referent in a single word-scene pairing, but by rapidly evaluating the statistical evidence across many individually ambiguous words and scenes. 相似文献
732.
Faith E. Fletcher Paul Ndebele Maureen C. Kelley 《Theoretical medicine and bioethics》2008,29(5):307-330
The debate over how to best guide HIV-infected mothers in resource-poor settings on infant feeding is more than two decades
old. Globally, breastfeeding is responsible for approximately 300,000 HIV infections per year, while at the same time, UNICEF
estimates that not breastfeeding (formula feeding with contaminated water) is responsible for 1.5 million child deaths per
year. The largest burden of these infections and deaths occur in Sub-Saharan Africa. Using this region as an example of the
burden faced more generally in other resource-poor settings, we contrast the evolution of the clinical standard of care for
infant feeding with HIV-infected mothers in high-income countries to the current international clinical guidelines for HIV-infected
mothers and infant feeding in resource-poor settings. While the international guidelines of exclusive breastfeeding for a
6-month period seem to offer the least-worst strategy for reducing mother-to-child transmission of HIV during infancy while
conferring some immunity through breastfeeding post-6 months, we argue that the impact of the policy on mothers and healthcare
workers on the ground is not well understood. The harm reduction approach on the level of health policy translates into a
complicated, painful moral dilemma for HIV-positive mothers and those offering them guidance on infant feeding. We argue that
the underlying socio-economic disparities that continue to fuel the need for a harm reduction policy on infant feeding and
the harm to women and children justify: (1) that higher priority be given to solving the infant feeding dilemma with improved
data on safe feeding alternatives, and (2) support of innovative, community-driven solutions that address the particular economic
and cultural challenges that continue to result in HIV-transmission to children within these communities.
相似文献
Maureen C. KelleyEmail: |
733.
734.
735.
Spiritual bypass is a defensive psychological posture that prevents people from feeling the pain of difficult emotions or experiences through 2 primary pathways: (a) Psychological Avoidance and (b) Spiritualizing. The authors collected a sample (783 participants) from the general population and tested a parallel mediation model in which 2 factors of spiritual bypass mediated the effect of spirituality on depression, anxiety, and stress. The results demonstrated that Psychological Avoidance and Spiritualizing partially mediated the effect of spirituality on depression and anxiety, whereas they completely mediated the effect of spirituality on stress. The findings are presented in the context of the study's limitations, and implications for clinical practice and research are provided. 相似文献
736.
Parents’ exposure to stressful ecosocial situations, like inadequate resources, is linked to parents’ perceptions of infants’ fussing and crying and less sensitive caregiving. However, studies supporting these findings predominantly come from Western contexts of parenting and infant care. Ecosocial situations may have different effects on parenting and infants in distinct cultural contexts. In this study, the link between Gamo mothers’ expressions of stress about their infants’ negative emotional displays (N = 29 mothers and infants) and mother-infant interactions was investigated. Mothers who expressed stress in response to their infants’ negative emotions demonstrated fewer interactions overall with their infants compared to mothers who did not express stress. Regression analyses showed that mothers who did not express stress had infants that fussed and cried more in their presence than infants of mothers who did not express stress, albeit insignificant. These results are discussed in the context of Gamo infancy in Southern Ethiopia. 相似文献
737.
The developmental test Bayley-III is widely used in clinical and research settings, but there are no published gender-specific norms. The purpose of the present study was to investigate gender differences in Bayley-III scores in a sample of 55 typically developing children assessed repeatedly at ages 4, 7, 10, 13, 24 and 36 months, and to investigate gender differences in the test-taking behavior of the children as measured with the BRS at 36 months. The results of the study demonstrated gender differences at 24 and 36 months for the Cognitive Scale, at 10, 13, 24 and 36 months for the Language Scale and at 36 months for the Motor Scale. On a subtest level, gender differences were found for the Receptive Communication subtest at 13, 24 and 36 months and for the Fine Motor subtest at 7 and 36 months. In all cases where significant gender differences were found, girls achieved higher mean scores than boys. No gender differences were found in the children’s test-taking behavior at 36 months on any of the BRS scales, but independently of gender, higher Bayley-III Cognitive and Motor Scale scores were associated with more compliant test-taking behavior. 相似文献
738.
ObjectiveTo examine whether a brief reaching training with sticky mittens was effective to improve reaching behavior in newly reaching preterm infants.MethodsIn this randomized controlled trial, twenty four 5-month-old (±16-week-old corrected age) preterm infants were randomly allocated into experimental or control groups. Infants were assessed three times in a single session: pretraining (immediately before training), posttraining (immediately after training), and retention (4 min after the posttraining). During training, infants in the experimental group wore open fingers Velcro covered mittens. Training consisted of one 4-minute session of stimulated reaching using Velcro covered toys. Controls did not receive the training. During assessments, infants were placed in a baby chair and toys without Velcro were offered at their midline for 2 min. Number of total reaches, proximal adjustments and distal adjustments of reaching were primary outcomes. Grasping was a secondary outcome.ResultsGroups were similar in the pretraining. In the posttraining, trained infants performed greater amount of total reaches and bimanual reaches than untrained infants. Greater amount of bimanual reaches in trained infants was maintained in the retention test. Distal adjustments and grasping outcome were not influenced by the training.ConclusionsA brief-term training with open fingers sticky mittens benefited reaching behavior and favored retention of increased bimanual reaches in newly reaching late preterm infants. However, it was not sufficient to influence hand openness and early grasping. 相似文献
739.
Bonnie A. Clough Sonia M. Nazareth Jamin J. Day Leanne M. Casey 《British Journal of Guidance & Counselling》2019,47(1):123-135
Limited research has examined distress or help-seeking knowledge and attitudes among international students. The aim of this study was to examine psychological distress, mental health literacy (MHL), and help-seeking attitudes and intentions among a sample of domestic and international tertiary students. The sample comprised 357 domestic and international tertiary students. Participants completed an online questionnaire package, with measures relating to distress, MHL, help-seeking attitudes, and help-seeking intentions. International student status was predictive of lower scores on MHL, help-seeking attitudes, and help-seeking intentions for suicidal ideation. Student group was not predictive of help-seeking intentions for emotional problems or psychological distress, but international students had lower help-seeking intentions for suicidal ideation. Educational interventions targeting MHL and help-seeking attitudes and intentions among international students may be required to improve help-seeking behaviours. 相似文献
740.
Rory C. O’Connor Grant Forgan 《Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy》2007,25(4):321-341
The current study investigated the associations among perfectionism, goal adjustment, behavioral activation sensitivity (BAS),
behavioral inhibition sensitivity (BIS), and suicidal thinking. Participants (n = 255) completed the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale, the BIS/BAS scale, the Goal Adjustment scale, and a measure of
suicidal thinking. The findings showed that socially prescribed perfectionism was the only perfectionism dimension associated
with suicidal thinking. Goal reengagement (but not goal disengagement) is an important construct in the suicidal process.
A series of hierarchical regression analyses showed that goal reengagement moderates and mediates the effect of socially prescribed
perfectionism on suicidal thinking. BIS was also associated with suicidal behavior but its effect was mediated via socially
prescribed perfectionism. The theoretical and treatment implications of the relationships between socially prescribed perfectionism,
goal reengagement, and suicidal thinking and between BIS, socially prescribed perfectionism, and suicidal thinking are discussed.
Future research is required to determine whether these relationships are predictive of suicidal thinking and behavior over
time. 相似文献