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131.
In the decision-making literature, “advice” has typically been defined very restrictively, as a recommendation concerning which alternative the decision-maker should choose. The present paper examines decision-makers’ reactions to this and three additional types of advice (a recommendation concerning which alternative not to choose, information about alternatives, and a recommendation concerning how to make the decision), along with another common form of interpersonal assistance (Social Support), from the perspective of maximizing decision accuracy and maintaining decision autonomy. The role of situational and individual differences is also examined. Results from two multilevel policy-capturing studies indicate that, although they consider recommendations regarding which alternative to choose to be important in some contexts, decision-makers often prefer to receive a type of advice that is greatly understudied by researchers—namely, the provision of information about alternatives. The implications of these findings for the study of advice-taking are discussed, as are future research directions. 相似文献
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采用经典的A:B:C:D范式,设计两类难度不同的图片任务,依据关系-表征复杂性模型从等级复杂性和水平复杂性角度分析任务难度.在此基础上,选取5~9岁115名儿童探讨两类任务上类比推理的特点和发展趋势.表明:(1)儿童类比推理呈现多样化特点,主要有:充分意义上掌握了类比推理、部分完成了类比推理、位置关系类比推理、不能类比推理和不确定情况类比推理,其中部分完成了类比推理是复杂任务上所特有的.(2)简单、复杂两类任务上,随着年龄增长,5-9岁儿童充分意义上掌握类比推理的人次比例不断上升,不能类比推理的人次比例不断下降.此外,复杂任务上,随年龄增长,部分完成类比任务的人次比例降低.结果表明,在简单任务上,前运算阶段儿童已具备了类比推理能力;但在复杂任务上,儿童到了具体运算阶段才具备类比推理能力. 相似文献
135.
俭是一种关于生活方式的信念, 它促使个体为实现长远的目标, 主动地约束自己的欲望, 限制自己的获取, 有节制地使用资源。俭的内涵丰富, 可从目标和手段两方面分析, 其下又可细分为生存性目标和生存性手段, 发展性目标和发展性手段。对俭的形成有多种解说; 适应说、驱动说和特质说分别从外在约束、内部需求和个体特质三个不同的方面进行过解释。俭是个体因素和环境因素共同作用的结果, 同时又对个体的知、情、意、行具有引导作用。未来研究可对培养个体和社会层面俭的意识和行为的条件和可能的方式进行理论探讨, 也可对不同类型的俭可能对应的心理、行为或者脑机制进行实证研究。 相似文献
136.
教师的成长心理已成为教育心理学研究的一个重要领域。近十几年来,从认知心理学视角进行的教师教学专长发展心理的研究,以及从职业心理学视角进行的教师心理特征与心理健康的研究已取得很多有价值的成果。在分析国内外已有研究的基础上,为进一步推进我国教师心理研究提出了几点建议。 相似文献
137.
Individual differences in fast-and-frugal decision making: Neuroticism and the recognition heuristic
The fast-and-frugal recognition heuristic (RH) claims that people base inferences on recognition only, thus ignoring further knowledge they possess. This claim has been repeatedly challenged, while recent evidence suggests that there are substantial individual differences in adhering to the RH. However, no personality or ability factors driving (non-)use of the RH have, as yet, been identified. In the present study, neuroticism was hypothesized to be a determinant of using the RH: participants high in neuroticism were expected to avoid making use of their knowledge beyond recognition, thus avoiding a diagnostic test of their abilities. The results corroborate this hypothesis: neuroticism predicted participants’ adherence to the RH while the other Big 5 factors and intelligence yielded no additional explanatory power. Moreover, the effect of neuroticism was not mediated by the accessibility of knowledge thus lending preliminary support for the notion that this effect may, in fact, be genuinely motivational in nature. 相似文献
138.
修订BTL-QZ-V1.1气质测试系统。对519名12—21岁男女学生进行了测量。结果发现:神经系统特性具有年龄差异,随年龄增长兴奋性、抑制性增强,灵活性、稳定性增高;12~14岁是其快速增长期,14~18岁为慢速增长期,18岁后为稳定期;神经系统的兴奋性、抑制性具有性别差异,男生强于女生;可将气质类型划分为10种,年龄和性别不影响气质类型的分布;除灵活性外,神经系统兴奋性、抑制性和稳定性的重测信度系数在0.6~0.8之间,且达到显著性水平;以80·8神经类型量表为效标,所得相关系数达中等程度。提示BTL-QZ-V1.1气质测试系统的评定需按年龄和性别分组进行,建立的分组标准较为准确科学,信度、效度较高,可以广泛应用。 相似文献
139.
Maria Inês Neuenschwander Escosteguy Carneiro 《The International journal of psycho-analysis》2008,89(6):1145-1163
Eating disorders of whatever category, especially the most severe ones such as anorexia or bulimia, are often considered typical of the female sex. While this is correct concerning these two disorders, I suggest that there are other eating disorders that are more frequent among boys, especially the ones concerning atypical relations to food, notwithstanding the evidence that the already very well‐known syndromes of bulimia and anorexia are also gaining ground among males. However, similar, unspecified eating disorders do not seem to occur so often among girls. Clinical data from my private practice should be taken for granted considering these matters, since I do not yet have statistical data to back up my thesis. In examples from three clinical cases involving boys and one female vignette, I shall attempt to establish a relation between eating disorders and primitive relations with men and women. This relation goes well beyond the oft‐cited ‘contemporary’ causes of eating disorders. In addition, I shall situate these differences among symptoms of both sexes and relate them to impasses in different stages of emotional development, as well as to the extent to which girls’ identification with their mother’s sex can influence their acquisition of eating disorders. 相似文献
140.
Research in the area of self-handicapping has consistently demonstrated a robust yet puzzling gender difference in the use of and evaluation of behavioral self-handicaps; women (1) are less likely to use these forms of handicaps, particularly those involving the actual or reported reduction of effort, and (2) evaluate the use of these handicaps by others more negatively than do men. The present research examines several possible explanations for these consistent gender differences and finds that the personal value placed on effort is an important mediator of these effects. 相似文献