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961.
Dowrick PW 《American journal of community psychology》2007,39(1-2):13-19
A major vehicle for the practice of community psychology is through the organization of community-based activities. My colleagues
and I have developed many programs for community learning centers, in-school and after school programs, and community technology
centers. In the last 10 years, 30,000 people (mostly children) have participated in activities designed for enjoyment and
learning, with a view to adding protective factors and reducing negative factors in at-risk communities. Development of these
programs for literacy, education, life and work skills, has increasingly followed a community responsive model. Within each program, we created explicit images of future success. That is, people could see themselves being successful
where they normally fail: self modeling with feedforward. Data reports show that individuals generalized and maintained their new skills and attitudes, but the sustainability of
programs has been variable. Analysis of the variations indicates the importance of program level feedforward that brings the
future into the present. The discussion includes consideration of how individual-level and community-level practices can inform
each other.
Author Note: Aspects of this article have been presented at the 10th Trans-Tasman Community Psychology Conference, Sydney, April 2006,
and in an invited address at the 114th annual convention of the American Psychological Association, New Orleans, August 2006.
Partial support in the preparation of this paper was provided by mutliple grants from the US Department of Education, although
no endorsement is implied. 相似文献
962.
We examine whether two general dimensions of sociopolitical belief—right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) and social dominance orientation (SDO)—are rooted in insecure psychological attachment. Based on an undergraduate sample ( N = 255), we model the relations among attachment styles, general worldviews, RWA, and SDO. A structural equation model indicated that anxious attachment led to RWA but not SDO and that this effect was mediated by the belief that the world is a dangerous place. In contrast, avoidant attachment led to SDO but not RWA, and this effect was mediated by the belief that the world is an uncaring, competitive jungle in which people are motivated to maximize personal utility. We discuss the implications of these findings for the nature and origins of political conservatism. 相似文献
963.
Composite links and exploded likelihoods are powerful yet simple tools for specifying a wide range of latent variable models.
Applications considered include survival or duration models, models for rankings, small area estimation with census information,
models for ordinal responses, item response models with guessing, randomized response models, unfolding models, latent class
models with random effects, multilevel latent class models, models with log-normal latent variables, and zero-inflated Poisson
models with random effects. Some of the ideas are illustrated by estimating an unfolding model for attitudes to female work
participation.
We wish to thank The Research Council of Norway for a grant supporting our collaboration. 相似文献
964.
Takahiro Hoshino 《Psychometrika》2007,72(4):535-549
Due to the difficulty in achieving a random assignment, a quasi-experimental or observational study design is frequently used
in the behavioral and social sciences. If a nonrandom assignment depends on the covariates, multiple group structural equation
modeling, that includes the regression function of the dependent variables on the covariates that determine the assignment,
can provide reasonable estimates under the condition of correct specification of the regression function. However, it is usually
difficult to specify the correct regression function because the dimensions of the dependent variables and covariates are
typically large. Therefore, the propensity score adjustment methods have been proposed, since they do not require the specification
of the regression function and have been applied to several applied studies. However, these methods produce biased estimates
if the assignment mechanism is incorrectly specified. In order to make a more robust inference, it would be more useful to
develop an estimation method that integrates the regression approach with the propensity score methodology. In this study
we propose a doubly robust-type estimation method for marginal multiple group structural equation modeling. This method provides a consistent estimator
if either the regression function or the assignment mechanism is correctly specified. A simulation study indicates that the
proposed estimation method is more robust than the existing methods.
This research was partially supported by the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture, Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists
(B), 187-30406. 相似文献
965.
When there exist omitted effects, measurement error, and/or simultaneity in multilevel models, explanatory variables may be
correlated with random components, and standard estimation methods do not provide consistent estimates of model parameters.
This paper introduces estimators that are consistent under such conditions. By employing generalized method of moments (GMM)
estimation techniques in multilevel modeling, the authors present a series of estimators along a robust to efficient continuum.
This continuum depends on the assumptions that the analyst makes regarding the extent of the correlated effects. It is shown
that the GMM approach provides an overarching framework that encompasses well-known estimators such as fixed and random effects
estimators and also provides more options. These GMM estimators can be expressed as instrumental variable (IV) estimators
which enhances their interpretability. Moreover, by exploiting the hierarchical structure of the data, the current technique
does not require additional variables unlike traditional IV methods. Further, statistical tests are developed to compare the
different estimators. A simulation study examines the finite sample properties of the estimators and tests and confirms the
theoretical order of the estimators with respect to their robustness and efficiency. It further shows that not only are regression
coefficients biased, but variance components may be severely underestimated in the presence of correlated effects. Empirical
standard errors are employed as they are less sensitive to correlated effects when compared to model-based standard errors.
An example using student achievement data shows that GMM estimators can be effectively used in a search for the most efficient
among unbiased estimators.
This research was supported by the National Academy of Education/Spencer Foundation and the National Science Foundation, grant
number SES-0436274. We thank the editor, associate editor, and referees for detailed feedback that helped improve the paper. 相似文献
966.
变性术后患者心理状况的影响因素分析及对策 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
变性术后的患者是个特殊的弱势群体,心理问题非常突出,它是生理、个人、家庭、社会等多种因素交互影响的结果;因此,通过社会、家庭及个体的共同努力,帮助其建立良好的个体心理模式,稳定其心理状态,可促进其心理的健康发展,这对于变性手术的成功和帮助变性后患者重新走向社会有重要意义。 相似文献
967.
样例学习条件下的因果力估计 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
在逐个呈现因果样例的条件下,考察单一因果关系因果力估计的特点,同时检验联想解释,概率对比模型,权重DP模型,效力PC理论和pCI规则。实验让65名大学生被试估计不同化学药物影响动物基因变异的能力。实验结果表明:(1)对产生原因的因果力估计符合权重DP模型;(2)对预防原因的因果力估计较多符合效力PC理论;(3)因果力估计具有复杂多样性,难以用统一的模式加以描述和概括。 相似文献
968.
异同判断加工中整体和局部特征的作用 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
采用三种整体局部特征(关系-属性,全局-局部,抽象-具体)图形,要求3组大学生被试完成异同判断任务,以考察异同判断加工中整体和局部特征的作用,探讨异同比较的加工机制。三个实验的结果表明:⑴三种整体特征均可加速同反应,因而不支持同判断加工是整体匹配的观点;⑵存在快同效应,但并不支持同判断的快速加工器对整个刺激加工完成后慢速比较器才开始工作的观点;⑶异反应时随差异特征的增多而减小,从而进一步支持异判断是分析加工、自终止的观点;⑷异反应时随差异特征从上至下、从整体到局部而增加,意味着异判断加工的顺序可能是自上而下、从整体到局部。上述结果支持研究假设:同判断的快速加工器先加工整体特征,然后再和异判断的慢速比较器一起开始加工局部特征。 相似文献
969.
汉语普通话声调加工的右耳优势及其机理:一项双耳分听的研究 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
采用双耳分听的任务探讨了汉语普通话声调加工的右耳优势问题,并引进反应手的因素,探讨了汉语声调加工的右耳优势的机制。结果表明,汉语母语被试对普通话声调的加工存在右耳、左脑优势,但这种优势是相对的,右脑也具备加工声调信息的能力,结果支持了直接通达模型。 相似文献
970.
对心理理论两成分认知模型的验证 总被引:23,自引:3,他引:20
Tager-Flusberg 和 Sullivan(2000)从主体信息加工的角度出发首次提出了一个心理理论模型,认为心理理论包括两个成分:一个是社会知觉成分,一个是社会认知成分。本研究设计了一个适合儿童特点的测查社会知觉成分的任务,将对心理理论两成分模型作进一步的验证,并对语言和心理理论两个成分的关系进行了初步探讨。被试为90名3~5岁的儿童,男女各半。结果表明心理理论的认知成分同语言相关密切,而知觉成分同语言没有表现出明显的相关。这个结果为该认知模型提供了进一步的证据 相似文献