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921.
Mary E. Zellmer-Bruhn Mary M. Maloney Anita D. Bhappu Rommel Salvador 《Organizational behavior and human decision processes》2008,107(1):41-59
In this paper, we directly assess perceived similarity—the degree to which members view themselves as having few differences—because we want to understand when teams notice diversity on various member characteristics and how they interpret it. Our results indicate social category diversity was related to initial estimates of both perceived social category similarity (SCS) and perceived work style similarity (WSS). And, whereas perceived SCS did not change over time, perceived WSS decreased significantly over the period of our study. We suggest this change in perceived WSS can be explained by an information-processing/decision-making framework. We found informational diversity was positively related to conflict in teams, and in turn conflict was negatively related to subsequent estimates of perceived WSS. However, informational diversity was positively related to information sharing in teams, which in turn was positively related to subsequent estimates of perceived WSS. Finally, these updated estimates of perceived WSS affected subgroup formation and team process effectiveness. We discuss how our research explores the subjective experience of diversity by team members, provides a dynamic view of the relationship between diversity and team outcomes, and informs emerging theory about the activation of faultlines in teams. 相似文献
922.
Susan A. Brown Viswanath Venkatesh Jason Kuruzovich Anne P. Massey 《Organizational behavior and human decision processes》2008
We discuss three theoretical models from met expectations research in the fields of organizational behavior and consumer psychology. Based on the fundamental arguments in the models, we term these models: disconfirmation, ideal point, and experiences only. We present three-dimensional graphical and analytical representations of the models, with satisfaction being a function of expectations and experiences. We tested the models in the context of a new information system implementation in an organization, with expectations, experiences, and system satisfaction measured for both ease of use and usefulness, the focal constructs of the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). We found that an experiences only model in which expectations had no measurable effect best explained the data for ease of use. The results for usefulness indicated a modified version of the experiences only model in which the positive effect of experiences becomes slightly stronger—i.e., more positive—as expectations increase. 相似文献
923.
To test theoretical predictions about the role of meaning connections in false memory, the effects of semantic cues and list repetition on children's false memories were evaluated across early childhood to mid-adolescence using the Deese–Roediger–McDermott (DRM) paradigm. True recall and false recall increased from 7 to 13 years. Study list repetition increased true recall of list words with the magnitude of this effect largest in the older children and adolescents. Repetition reduced false recall of critical lures in all age groups. Consistent with theoretical predictions, false recall of critical lures increased when children were informed of the thematic gist of each list prior to study. 相似文献
924.
925.
This study investigates the influence of a decision aid on decision makers' model‐based choices, emotions during the use of the model, and attitudes towards the model. A time allocation decision model was biased to purposefully provide optimistic or pessimistic criterion levels, on which subjects based their allocations. The results of our experiment indicate that the degree of “optimism” and “pessimism” inherent in the decision model had a significant impact on the decision maker's choices of criterion values, with optimism leading to higher criterion level choices and pessimism to lower levels. Furthermore, compared to pessimistic models, optimistic models significantly improved the decision makers' emotional states and, to some degree, their attitudes towards the decision aid. The implications of these conscious and sub‐conscious influences on decision makers' choices, emotions, and attitudes are discussed and the need for model‐builders and users to be aware of them is highlighted. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
926.
Dolores Gallagher-Thompson Heather L. Gray Tamarra Dupart Daniel Jimenez Larry W. Thompson 《Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy》2008,26(4):286-303
This study enrolled 184 middle-aged and older women (95 Non-Hispanic White and 89 Hispanic/Latino) who provided in-home hands-on
care to an elderly relative with Alzheimer’s disease or another form of dementia. Within ethnic group they were randomly assigned
to either a CBT-based small group intervention program called “Coping with Caregiving” (CWC) that taught a variety of cognitive
and behavioral skills to reduce stress and depression, or to a minimal telephone based control condition (TSC). Intervention
lasted about 4 months; one post-treatment assessment was completed 6 months after baseline by interviewers blind to the intervention
condition. Interviews and interventions were conducted in English or Spanish by trained staff. Results indicated that those
in the CWC (regardless of ethnicity) showed greater improvement from pre to post intervention than those in the TSC on measures
of depressive symptoms, overall life stress, and caregiving-specific stress. In order to investigate if these changes may
have been related to one proposed mechanism of change in CBT (skill utilization), a new measure was constructed. Change in
frequency of use and perceived helpfulness of adaptive coping skills were assessed in all caregivers. Results indicated that
caregivers in CWC reported greater frequency of use, and greater perceived helpfulness, of these skills at post intervention
compared to caregivers in the TSC. Improvement measured by dependent measures was correlated with an increase in these indices
for those in the CWC. Tests for mediation suggest that effective skill utilization may mediate the effect of treatment on
outcome. Implications of these findings are discussed and recommendations provided for future research. 相似文献
927.
本文根据实验事实,对PASS智力模型进行扩展,并提出一个简称AMPLE的智力模型。这个模型基于脑的四个功能系统学说,包括注意(attention)、操纵(manipulation)、计划(planning)、学习(learning)和评估(evaluation)等过程。它是一个囊括觉、知、情、意诸成分在内的全面的智力模型。 相似文献
928.
929.
Petra T. Bürgelt Mandy Morgan Regina Pernice 《Journal of community & applied social psychology》2008,18(4):282-298
Changes in migrants' backgrounds and societies sending and receiving migrants might increase adaptation issues and reduce retention. To enhance migrants' well‐being/health and their likelihood of staying it is necessary to gain an understanding of psychological and social factors that contribute to resilience and adaptation. This paper presents findings from a qualitative study that investigated the experiences, interpretations and actions of German migrant couples to New Zealand throughout the whole migration process to identify these factors. In depth, episodic interviews were conducted with four couples who decided to stay in New Zealand and four couples who decided to return to Germany. Interview data were complemented with participant observation. This paper provides insights into how the pre‐migration experiences, interpretations and actions of German migrants to New Zealand influenced their establishment, their interpretations and actions and consequently adaptation, well‐being/health and the decision whether to stay in New Zealand or to return to Germany. The findings illuminate the influence of psychological and social factors on migration experiences, interpretations and actions throughout the migration process. The paper offers some solutions for addressing the identified barriers to successful migration and integration into host societies. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
930.
Brick Johnstone Kelly Lora Franklin Dong Pil Yoon Joseph Burris Cheryl Shigaki 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2008,15(4):308-313
The current study evaluated the relationships among spiritual beliefs, religious practices, physical health, and mental health
for individuals with stroke. A cross-sectional analysis of 63 individuals evaluated in outpatient settings, including 32 individuals
with stroke and 31 healthy controls was conducted through administration of the Brief Multidimensional Measure of Religiousness/Spirituality
(BMMRS) and the Medical Outcomes Scale-Short Form 36 (SF-36). For individuals with stroke, the SF-36 General Mental Health scale was significantly correlated with only the BMMRS Religious and Spiritual Coping scale (r = .43; p < .05). No other BMMRS factors were significantly correlated with SF-36 mental or physical health scales. Non-significant
trends indicated spiritual factors were primarily related to mental versus physical health. This study suggests spiritual
belief that a higher power will assist in coping with illness/disability is associated with better mental health following
stroke, but neither religious nor spiritual factors are associated with physical health outcomes. The results are consistent
with research that suggests that spiritual beliefs may protect individuals with stroke from experiencing emotional distress. 相似文献