社会排斥影响跨期决策的心理机制探讨

社会排斥广泛存在于社会生活中,并对人们的认知、情感、行为等诸多方面产生严重的消极影响。它会损害个体的认知功能,导致个体不能进行理性的判断和决策。研究发现被排斥的个体在风险决策时倾向于风险寻求。跨期决策和风险决策都与人类的生存和发展息息相关,但目前并不清楚社会排斥是否以及如何影响跨期决策。因此,本研究拟从跨期决策的评估和选择两个阶段展开研究,揭示社会排斥对其的作用机制。并在此基础上,运用tDCS技术激活社会排斥的调节脑区,以改善被排斥个体的跨期决策能力。研究结果将揭示人际情境因素与决策者个人因素对跨期决策的联合作用机制,帮助被排斥者提高跨期决策能力,提高被排斥者的个人成就和生活质量。     

Generational differences in American students’ reasons for going to college, 1971–2014: The rise of extrinsic motives

ABSTRACT

We examined generational differences in reasons for attending college among a nationally representative sample of college students (N = 8 million) entering college between 1971–2014. We validated the items on reasons for attending college against an established measure of extrinsic and intrinsic values among college students in 2014 (n = 189). Millennials (in college 2000s–2010s) and Generation X (1980s–1990s) valued extrinsic reasons for going to college (“to make more money”) more, and anti-extrinsic reasons (“to gain a general education and appreciation of ideas”) less than Boomers when they were the same age in the 1960s–1970s. Extrinsic reasons for going to college were higher in years with more income inequality, college enrollment, and extrinsic values. These results mirror previous research finding generational increases in extrinsic values begun by GenX and continued by Millennials, suggesting that more recent generations are more likely to favor extrinsic values in their decision-making.     

Feeling grateful to God: A qualitative inquiry

There is an expanding literature on the psychological and relationship effects of positive disclosure, whereby people who disclose about good things that happen to them benefit from this disclosure. Extending this research, we focused on what people identify as positive information about themselves and why they disclose this content to others. College students (190 men and 219 women) described what they considered to be a positive experience, feeling, or private aspect of themselves and whether or not they had disclosed this information to close others (mother, father, same-sex friend, and dating/intimate partner). They also described their reasons for disclosing and/or not disclosing to these relationship targets. Based on participants’ open-ended responses, we constructed taxonomies of positive information about the self and the reasons for and against disclosing this content. The research documents how different relationship contexts affect the disclosure of positive information and the reasons for these disclosure decisions.     

论大学生的择业效能的培养

自我效能感是近几年来心理学研究的热点问题。大学毕业生要有良好的择业意识,如何理性提高大学生的择业效能感,成为求职心理准备和求职实务准备的首要问题。本文提出了当前大学生择业中的几种心理干预策略,为职业指导提供了新的理论视角。     

Culture and Acculturation Influences on Palestinian Perceptions of Prenatal Genetic Counseling

Patient cultural backgrounds strongly influence decision-making processes and outcomes in genetic counseling. The present study investigated influences of culture and acculturation on prenatal decision making processes of native Palestinians and Palestinian Americans. Seventeen native Palestinians and 14 first-generation, Palestinian Americans were interviewed and asked to imagine themselves as patients in hypothetical premarital and prenatal situations. Five major issues were investigated: 1) Influence of family history of an inherited condition on pre-marital decisions; 2) Perceptions of non-directive genetic counselor statements regarding options; 3) Role of gender in prenatal decisions; 4) Gender differences in emotional expression; and 5) Role of family and society in prenatal decisions. Several similarities and differences in native Palestinian and Palestinian American responses were obtained. Similarities appear to be due to common cultural roots, while differences may be due to acculturation. Practice and research recommendations are provided. An erratum to this article can be found at     

Does interaction matter? Testing whether a confidence heuristic can replace interaction in collective decision-making

In a range of contexts, individuals arrive at collective decisions by sharing confidence in their judgements. This tendency to evaluate the reliability of information by the confidence with which it is expressed has been termed the ‘confidence heuristic’. We tested two ways of implementing the confidence heuristic in the context of a collective perceptual decision-making task: either directly, by opting for the judgement made with higher confidence, or indirectly, by opting for the faster judgement, exploiting an inverse correlation between confidence and reaction time. We found that the success of these heuristics depends on how similar individuals are in terms of the reliability of their judgements and, more importantly, that for dissimilar individuals such heuristics are dramatically inferior to interaction. Interaction allows individuals to alleviate, but not fully resolve, differences in the reliability of their judgements. We discuss the implications of these findings for models of confidence and collective decision-making.     

A dynamic objective–subjective structure for forest management focusing on environmental issues

In this paper a decision-making process is applied to a Chilean forestry firm that must deal with a host of environmental variables as well as profit making. At the core of this process is a ‘dynamic objective–subjective structure’ founded on the approach that decision making is about comprehending the preferences of the various parties involved and expanding the set of alternatives open to the decision makers. This is in contrast to many models that aim at finding the ‘best alternative’ and to decision analysis approaches that focus on presenting preferences via value functions. The paper describes in chronological order, following the sessions of a decision-making process, how the various components of the structure emerged. In doing so it demonstrates how the process led to an understanding of the real effects of dealing with the environment and how comprehending the preferences led to the introduction of new decision variables. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

早发型重度子痫前期的诊疗决策

早发型重度予痫前期可采取保守治疗恰当延长孕龄,减少因胎儿不成熟导致的围生儿死亡。但对妊娠28周～32周以前者的保守治疗,应采取非常慎重的态度,可以预期结局作为临床决策依据,恰当把握终止妊娠的时机与指征,达到提高胎儿有效成活率,避免孕产妇终末脏器不可逆损害,降低孕产妇病死率与婴幼儿死亡及病残率,减轻家庭和社会负担的目的。     

不同风险态度大学生职业决策的线索偏好及信息搜索特点

探讨不同风险态度的大学生在职业决策中的线索偏好及信息搜索特点。以大学生为被试,以Weber的风险态度问卷为工具,筛选出风险寻求大学生26名,风险规避大学生23名,采用信息板技术进行模拟职业决策研究。结果发现：（1）风险寻求和风险规避大学生在职业决策中点击次数最多的职业属性均依次是工资、发展空间和兴趣;（2）在信息板的点击次数上,风险寻求被试比风险规避被试更多;在搜索模式上,风险寻求组被试和风险规避组的得分均为正值,但风险寻求组被试的得分显著高于风险规避组。因此,大学生职业决策中偏好的线索主要是工资、发展空间和兴趣;风险寻求者的信息搜索模式与风险规避者不同,风险寻求者更倾向于以选项为基础的搜索模式。