La dynamique identitaire de stagiaires immigrants : Stratégies d’acculturation et insertion dans un collectif de travail

The aim of this research was to explore reciprocal relations between acculturative strategies of immigrant trainees and their “strategies” of integration into a workgroup. The investigation of each participant’s identity dynamics served as a basis to this qualitative and exploratory study, using the IMIS (multistage social identity investigator), created by Zavalloni and Louis-Guérin (1984, 2007). In both the cases presented here, work environments echoed back to some of the main obstacles opposing to the social integration of immigrants. Therefore, part of the results revealed spontaneous emergence of adaptative strategies simultaneously linking to cultures and the profession.     

Identity development during the first two university years: Exploring intersections between micro-, ontogenetic processes

Identity development processes are explored through analyses of longitudinal interview data collected with ten students during the first two university years. Micro-level analyses, based upon the work of Josephs, I. E. and Valsiner, J. [(1998). How does autodialogue work? Miracles of meaning maintenance and circumvention strategies. Social Psychology Quarterly, 61, 68-83], entailed the identification of oppositional meaning complexes—statements of conflicting meaning about self—as well as circumvention strategies. Ontogenetic analyses of developmental trajectories were based on Freeman, M. and Robinson, R.'s [(1990). The development within: An alternative approach to the study of lives. New Ideas in Psychology, 8, 53-72] conceptualization of the developmental process. From the ontogenetic analyses, two primary developmental patterns, and several subpatterns, were identified. Linkages between micro and ontogenetic levels were indicated by differences in rates of oppositional meaning complexes for individuals engaged in “developmental work” compared to those not so engaged, and differences in across-time patterning of these complexes for developmental subgroups. Findings support the potential of these methods for identifying semiotic mechanisms that are associated with longer-term developmental change.     

自我认知类型引导认知方式的实验研究

对自我的认知引导认知和行为。本研究用与自我有关的语义内容启动场独立型和场依存型自我认知,随即让被试做与场独立或场依存认知方式有关的认知作业,探讨自我认知类型是否引导认知方式,即启动场独立自我认知是否比启动场依存自我认知诱发更多场独立的认知方式;同样,启动场依存自我认知是否比启动场独立自我认知诱发更多的场依存的认知方式。结果是肯定的。     

Do Strong Group Identities Fuel Intolerance? Evidence From the South African Case

One conventional explanation of intergroup conflict is Social Identity Theory. That theory asserts that strong ingroup sympathies can give rise to outgroup antipathies which in turn fuel intolerance and conflict. While embraced by both macro- and microlevel analysts, this theory actually has not been widely investigated outside a laboratory environment. In this article, I test hypotheses linking group identities with intolerance, based on a 2001 survey in South Africa, a country where group identities have long been politicized. My empirical findings indicate that group identities are not useful predictors of South African intolerance. Indeed, for neither the black majority nor the white minority do ingroup identities activate very much outgroup intolerance. Moreover, group identities are positively, not negatively, correlated with holding a South African national identity. These findings, based on unusually broad indicators of both identity and tolerance, suggest that the causes of group conflict lie elsewhere than in group attachments.     

The Pursuit of College in Adulthood: Reclaiming Past Selves or Constructing New?

This study examines the identity processes that are implicated when adults return to college, including the possibility that they may be reclaiming past selves from adolescence or constructing new selves at this particular juncture. In this study, 70 nontraditional-aged community college students were surveyed about their educational pathways, with a focus on their career and educational plans and actions when finishing high school through the current time. In addition, a diverse subset (n = 14) was interviewed. Results suggested four identity processes, two that involved past career selves from adolescence when constructing future pursuits (reclaim past, reject past before constructing new) and two that did not (construct new, expand current). Participants with prior college experience as adolescents were more likely to report well-developed past selves, but they more frequently rejected rather than reclaimed due to lack of perceived feasibility. Future research involving adult identity development is discussed.     

Frequent Social Comparisons and Destructive Emotions and Behaviors: The Dark Side of Social Comparisons

Social comparisons may seem to serve several positive functions, including self-enhancement. Frequent social comparisons, however, have a dark side. Two studies examined the relationship between frequent social comparisons and destructive emotions and behaviors. In Study 1, people who said they made frequent social comparisons were more likely to experience envy, guilt, regret, and defensiveness, and to lie, blame others, and to have unmet cravings. In Study 2, police officers who said they made frequent social comparisons were more likely to show ingroup bias and to be less satisfied with their jobs. The dark side of frequent social comparisons was not associated with self-esteem. Results are discussed in terms of the role of individual differences in social comparison processes.     

上下级工作冲突处理方式量表研究

本文目的是编制上下级工作冲突处理方式量表,探讨我国员工该行为方式的特点。根据开放式问卷调查结果和西方已有相关量表,构建量表题目,结合大五人格问卷简式版中宜人性分量表,有效测试了5家单位的254名员工。经探索性因素分析,获得退让、协调和对抗3个因素。检验结果表明该量表信度和效度达到心理测量学要求,体现了中国文化下上下级工作冲突处理方式的独特性。     

基层党政领导干部的行为风格与自我和谐及工作绩效的关系

通过深度访谈和问卷探讨了基层党政领导干部的行为风格类型及其与自我和谐及工作绩效的关系。结果表明,党政领导干部的行为可以区分为主动自信、上恭下倨和宽上容下等三种稳定的类型,其中主动自信不仅有利于个体保持较高的内心和谐,而且有利于个体工作绩效的提高,而上恭下倨则与主动自信相反,宽上容下则既有有利于工作绩效和自我和谐的一面,又有不利于绩效和自我和谐的一面。对行为类型的年龄、级别和学历差异以及党政领导干部理想的行为风格也进行了讨论。     

飞行学员自我妨碍倾向与竞技应对方式研究

以206名飞行学员为被试,采用问卷法对自我妨碍倾向与竞技状态下应对方式的关系进行研究。结果表明:(1)自我妨碍倾向与想象、努力付出等积极应对方式呈负相关关系,与情绪发泄、疏远、分散注意和放弃等消极应对方式呈正相关关系。(2)低自我妨碍倾向的飞行学员更多地使用想象、努力付出和逻辑分析等积极的应对方式;高自我妨碍倾向的飞行学员更多地使用情绪发泄、疏远、分散注意和放弃等消极的应对方式。     

Formation of gender identity in the Islamic republic of Iran: does educational institution matter?

This article focuses on the process of gender identity construction through the educational system from a socio-cultural perspective. Socialisation operates as a strategy to protect social unity and group superiority. Although socialisation is an enduring process involving various institutions, childhood is a vital period of gender socialisation whereby schools and school textbooks play a substantial role as the first official sources of socialisation in children. Using content analysis method, this article focuses on Iran’s primary school textbooks. The results support the pattern of ‘gender bias’, rather than ‘gender fairness’. This is a more evident observation in the higher educational grades. The patterns highlighted here are evidently incompatible with socio-demographic progresses in women’s status over recent years, which call for revision in the school education resources in this context.