三校大学生竞争／合作策略取向的特点及影响因素

为研究大学生竞争／合作策略取向的特点及影响因素,采用”合作与竞争策略标度”量表对144名大学生进行测查,并从能力变量、期望变量及背景变量进一步研究其影响因素。结果表明大学生竞争策略均分值普遍显著高于合作策略均分值,提示学生更崇尚竞争策略;女生的竞争策略均分值明显高于男生分值,表现出策略取向的性别差异。通过相关分析和多元逐步回归分析,表明学习能力、总体能力与父母期望对学生的竞争策略取向有一定的预测性,而性别和母亲受教育程度可部分预测学生合作策略取向。     

个人目标取向、课堂目标结构及文化因素与学业求助策略的关系研究

本研究以982名初中学生为被试,采用验证性因素分析和多元回归方法对个人目标取向、课堂目标结构及文化因素与学业求助策略的关系进行研究。结果表明:(1)个人目标取向可以区分出任务取向、趋向型自我取向和逃避型自我取向,它们对学业求助的影响是不同的,只有逃避型自我取向的学生才倾向于作不利于学习的执行性求助。(2)课堂目标结构对学业求助有影响 ,在任务取向的课堂里 ,学生倾向于作工具性求助。(3)文化因素对学业求助有影响。认同中国求助格言的学生愿意作工具性求助,在意他人评价的学生倾向于回避求助或作执行性求助。(4)个人目标取向、课堂目标结构和文化因素对不同年级学生学业求助的影响模式不同。     

对中学教学中教师运用情感因素的现状调查

针对中学教师在教学中运用情感因素现状的大规模问卷调查,结果表明,重知轻情现象在当前的中学教学中十分普遍,并主要表现在虽有一定认识却鲜于教学实践的状况上,其原因主要是缺乏情感教学方面的理论和方法上的指导,也为一些误解所致,而市区和郊区中学、重点和非重点中学在这方面存在的问题基本一致,不存在明显差异。     

环境因素与成人认知关系的研究

本研究旨在考察环境因素与认知发展的关系.采用问卷和心理测量的方法对121名21～80岁成人被试的基本认知能力和环境影响变量进行测量.结果发现,在基本认知能力上存在显著的年龄差异;在环境测量的环境维度因素方面仅出现年龄差异,而环境测量的休闲维度因素方面却存在显著的年龄和性别双重差异;多项环境因素与基本认知能力存在显著相关.结论老年人基本认知能力低于年轻被试,且环境因素对认知发展有一定影响.     

Life Cycle Welfare: Trends and Differences

A cohort analysis of United States General Social Science Survey data since 1972 reveals that the life cycle trend in average happiness is remarkably flat. Throughout the life course, however, whites are typically happier than blacks, and more educated persons are happier than their less educated counterparts. In recent years the black-white differential has narrowed moderately, and – although there is no consistent difference by gender – the happiness of females has declined relative to males. Some psychologists assert that happiness is largely determined by genetic or personality traits, but the persistence of life cycle differences by race and education suggests that external socio-economic circumstances are important influences on happiness.     

On the heritability of inspection time and its covariance with IQ: a twin study

Using the classical twin design, this study investigates the influence of genetic factors on the large phenotypic variance in inspection time (IT), and whether the well established IT–IQ association can be explained by a common genetic factor. Three hundred ninety pairs of twins (184 monozygotic, MZ; 206 dizygotic, DZ) with a mean age of 16 years participated, and 49 pairs returned approximately 3 months later for retesting. As in many IT studies, the pi figure stimulus was used and IT was estimated from the cumulative normal ogive. IT ranged from 39.4 to 774.1 ms (159±110.1 ms) with faster ITs (by an average of 26.9 ms) found in the retest session from which a reliability of .69 was estimated. Full-scale IQ (FIQ) was assessed by the Multidimensional Aptitude Battery (MAB) and ranged from 79 to 145 (111±13). The phenotypic association between IT and FIQ was confirmed (−.35) and bivariate results showed that a common genetic factor accounted for 36% of the variance in IT and 32% of the variance in FIQ. The maximum likelihood estimate of the genetic correlation was −.63. When performance and verbal IQ (PIQ & VIQ) were analysed with IT, a stronger phenotypic and genetic relationship was found between PIQ and IT than with VIQ. A large part of the IT variance (64%) was accounted for by a unique environmental factor. Further genetic factors were needed to explain the remaining variance in IQ with a small component of unique environmental variance present. The separability of a shared genetic factor influencing IT and IQ from the total genetic variance in IQ suggests that IT affects a specific subcomponent of intelligence rather than a generalised efficiency.     

An aggression machine v. determinants in reactive aggression revisited

The relations between reactive aggression, situational cues, and emotion regulation were examined by means of the Pulkkinen Aggression Machine (PAM) task. In the PAM, provocation and response were systematically varied under two conditions: the impulsive aggression condition and the controlled aggression condition. In the impulsive condition, no information about the attacker was provided, while in the controlled condition the attackers were specified in terms of sex, age, and physical strength. The task was administered to 109 children aged 8 to 13 years. Boys (n = 61) and girls (n = 48), as well as subgroups of Adjusted (n = 67) and Maladjusted (n = 26) children were compared. The results confirmed earlier findings showing that there is a strong relationship between attack and response intensity. However, this relationship was consistently modified by the effects of situation and personality‐related variables. This meant that, while for the impulsive condition response intensity was closely tied to stimulus intensity, in the controlled condition this effect was modulated by the characteristics of the opponent: the more equal the opponent the stronger the retaliations displayed. The Maladjusted children reacted more intensively in the impulsive condition and to minor provocation in the controlled condition than the Adjusted children. This suggests that the intensity of the elicited aggression in the Maladjusted group was particularly dependent on contextual rather than internal control. Aggr. Behav. 27:430–445, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Thin-Ideal Internalization: Mounting Evidence for a New Risk Factor for Body-Image Disturbance and Eating Pathology

Body-image disturbance and eating disorders are a significant physical and mental health problem in Western countries. We describe emerging work on one newly identified variable that appears to be a potent risk factor for the development of these problems internalization of societal standards of attractiveness. Work conducted independently in our labs over the past decade has included scale development, correlational studies, prospective risk-factor studies, randomized experiments, and randomized prevention trials. Findings collectively suggest that internalization is a causal risk factor for body-image and eating disturbances, and that it appears to operate in conjunction with other established risk factors for these outcomes, including dieting and negative affect. Future research is needed to examine the specific familial, peer, and media influences that promote internalization and to replicate and extend our prospective and experimental studies.     

具体认知和抽象认知与社会文化因素的关系

采用认知测试、查阅人类学资料、现场调查和谈话等多种方法,探讨了我国不同生产方式、不同地区和不同民族４６０名成人的具体认知、抽象认知和认知方式及其与生态文化因素的关系。研究结果基本支持了我们理论上所假设的社会文化因素与具体认知操作、抽象认知操作、认知方式的关系,即狩猎和城市社会的生态环境和生产方式对人施加一种生态压力,增进其个体的具体的和抽象的认知,促使其抽象型认知方式的形成;而在捕鱼、游牧和农耕社会的生态环境和生产方式的作用下,个体倾向于较低水平的具体和抽象认知操作以及具体型的认知方式。紧密的社会结构和强调服从的社会化过程,与其个体较低水平的具体和抽象认知及具体型的认知方式相关联;而松散的社会结构和强调自主性的社会化过程,与较高水平具体和抽象认知操作、抽象型的认知方式相联系。正规教育等现代化因素是促进人认知,特别是抽象认知的有力因素。     

团体儿童智力测验（GITC）全国城市常模的制订

论文阐述了制订团体儿童智力测验（ＴｈｅＧｒｏｕｐＩｎｔｅｌｌｉｇｅｎｃｅＴｅｓｔｆｏｒＣｈｉｌｄｒｅｎ,简称ＧＩＴＣ）全国城市常模的过程。分布在全国各地的协作组成员对随机抽取的年龄在９岁至１８岁范围内的３９１６名中小学生施行了本测验。论文对施测结果进行了分析并报告了有关全国常模的基本信息。