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821.
The status quo effect derived from loss aversion is common in decision making. However, we propose that advisors (vs. personal decision makers) are less susceptible to such an effect because they are less loss-averse. The difference in loss aversion between personal decision makers and advisors is reflected in both the query order and content. Compared to advisors, personal decision makers produce more queries favoring the status quo, at an earlier time, than those favoring the new option. As hypothesized, the status quo effect was observed among personal decision makers, but not among advisors (Studies 1 and 2). Query order and content were found to mediate the impact of decision maker’s role on the status quo effect (Study 2). When personal decision makers and advisors made queries in the same order (Study 3) or of the same content (Studies 4a and 4b), the difference between self–other decision making disappeared. 相似文献
822.
Matthew B. Feldman Andrew Silapaswan Nathan Schaefer Daniel Schermele 《American journal of community psychology》2014,53(3-4):286-313
The evidence-based interventions that are identified, packaged, and disseminated by the Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as part of the Diffusion of Effective Behavioral Interventions (DEBI) initiative—commonly referred to the "DEBIs"—currently represent a primary source of HIV prevention interventions for community-based providers. To date, little attention has focused on whether the intended outcomes of the DEBIs, i.e., reductions in HIV-related risk behaviors, are maintained over time. This review summarized evidence for the sustainability of the effects of the DEBIs on HIV sexual risk behavior and intravenous drug use from studies of original and adapted DEBIs. Evidence of intervention decay or a lack of any intervention effect was identified in several original and adapted versions of the DEBIs included in this review. Recommendations include modifications to current criteria for inclusion in the DEBI portfolio, in addition to the development of remediation strategies to address intervention decay. Further, theoretical models that specify the processes that underlie the maintenance of health behaviors over time should be used in developing HIV prevention interventions. 相似文献
823.
《Revue Européene de Psychologie Appliquée》2014,64(4):195-202
IntroductionPrevious studies have shown that the schedule of conditions orientates the designers’ activity. It leads them to generate and consider more constraints linked to the prescribed ones (provided in the schedule of conditions). In addition, when designers had to evaluate websites before making their productions, they reused into their own productions some characteristic from websites evaluated and visited before designing (that corresponds to the conformity effect).ObjectiveWe carried out an experimental study that aimed to determine the mutual influence of schedule of conditions and conformity effect on constraints accounted by designers and usability quality of the web pages they created. No study has determined the combined effects of these two points of web design on the designers’ activity.MethodTwo groups of professional web designers (the first one dealt with a creative schedule of conditions and the other one with an ergonomic schedule of conditions) had to create two webpages (home page and another one). The experimental study was divided into three successive stages: (1) launching of the two-page design, (2) evaluating two websites, and (3) continuing the two-page design.ResultsThe main results showed that the constraints prescribed in the schedule of conditions affected the first stage of design. Nevertheless, after the evaluation stage (stage 2), this influence decreased during the last design stage (stage 3).ConclusionThe evaluation improved the number of constraints linked to end-users taken into account by the designers during the last stage of their design activity. Nevertheless, the usability quality of web pages created by designers was higher for the designers who dealt with the ergonomic schedule of conditions than for the others. 相似文献
824.
The aim of this paper was to explore effects of specific emotions on subjective judgment, driving performance, and perceived workload. The traditional driving behavior research has focused on cognitive aspects such as attention, judgment, and decision making. Psychological findings have indicated that affective states also play a critical role in a user’s rational, functional, and intelligent behaviors. Most applied emotion research has concentrated on simple valence and arousal dimensions. However, recent findings have indicated that different emotions may have different impacts, even though they belong to the same valence or arousal. To identify more specific affective effects, seventy undergraduate participants drove in a vehicle simulator under three different road conditions, with one of the following induced affective states: anger, fear, happiness, or neutral. We measured their subjective judgment of driving confidence, risk perception, and safety level after affect induction; four types of driving errors: Lane Keeping, Traffic Rules, Aggressive Driving, and Collision while driving; and the electronic NASA-TLX after driving. Induced anger clearly showed negative effects on subjective safety level and led to degraded driving performance compared to neutral and fear. Happiness also showed degraded driving performance compared to neutral and fear. Fear did not have any significant effect on subjective judgment, driving performance, or perceived workload. Results suggest that we may need to take emotions and affect into account to construct a naturalistic and generic driving behavior model. To this end, a specific-affect approach is needed, beyond the sheer valence and arousal dimensions. Given that workload results are similar across affective states, examining affective effects may also require a different approach than just the perceived workload framework. The present work is expected to guide emotion detection research and help develop an emotion regulation model and adaptive interfaces for drivers. 相似文献
825.
采用Stunkard等人编制的9点女性体形评定图片,使用排序法、评分法、评估法以及选美和选搭档的情景题目,对女性体形、吸引力与能力之间的关系进行了探索.各种方法一致发现吸引力与能力均和体形之间存在倒U形关系,但最具能力的体形和最具吸引力的体形并不一致,人们倾向认为偏瘦体形人物最具吸引力,但中等体形人物能力最强,存在分离现象.此外,女性虽不能正确知觉男性眼中最有吸引力的体形,但能正确知觉男性眼中最有能力的体形.本研究进一步发现,男性的分配观念可为女性不惜牺牲能力评价而热衷减肥的行为提供一定的解释.本研究的结果有助于人们认清体形吸引力与体形所展现出来的能力的分离关系,帮助女性更加理性地认识自己的体形.同时,该研究结果还可为有效减少女性盲目减肥提供科学依据. 相似文献
826.
827.
Matthew Mundy E. Andrea Sadusky 《Advances in cognitive psychology / University of Finance and Management in Warsaw》2014,10(2):39-48
Individuals with body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) appear to possess abnormalities
in the way they observe and discriminate visual information. A pre-occupation
with perceived defects in appearance has been attributed to a local visual
processing bias. We studied the nature of visual bias in individuals who may be
at risk of developing BDD – those with high body image concerns (BICs) – by
using inverted stimulus discrimination. Inversion disrupts global, configural
information in favor of local, feature-based processing. 40 individuals with
high BIC and 40 low BIC controls performed a discrimination task with upright
and inverted faces, bodies, and scenes. Individuals with high BIC discriminated
inverted faces and bodies faster than controls, and were also more accurate when
discriminating inverted bodies and scenes. This reduction in inversion effect
for high BIC individuals may be due to a stimulus-general local, detail-focused
processing bias, which may be associated with maladaptive fixation on small
features in their appearance. 相似文献
828.
Effects of testing on subsequent re‐encoding and long‐term forgetting of action‐relevant materials: On the influence of recall type 下载免费PDF全文
Veit Kubik Lars‐Göran Nilsson Jonas K. Olofsson Fredrik U. Jönsson 《Scandinavian journal of psychology》2015,56(5):475-481
Testing one's memory of previously studied information reduces the rate of forgetting, compared to restudy. However, little is known about how this direct testing effect applies to action phrases (e.g., “wash the car”) – a learning material relevant to everyday memory. As action phrases consist of two different components, a verb (e.g., “wash”) and a noun (e.g., “car”), testing can either be implemented as noun‐cued recall of verbs or verb‐cued recall of nouns, which may differently affect later memory performance. In the present study, we investigated the effect of testing for these two recall types, using verbally encoded action phrases as learning materials. Results showed that repeated study–test practice, compared to repeated study–restudy practice, decreased the forgetting rate across 1 week to a similar degree for both noun‐cued and verb‐cued recall types. However, noun‐cued recall of verbs initiated more new subsequent learning during the first restudy, compared to verb‐cued recall of nouns. The study provides evidence that testing has benefits on both subsequent restudy and long‐term retention of action‐relevant materials, but that these benefits are differently expressed with testing via noun‐cued versus verb‐cued recall. 相似文献
829.
830.
Patterns of Response Times and Response Choices to Science Questions: The Influence of Relative Processing Time 下载免费PDF全文
We report on five experiments investigating response choices and response times to simple science questions that evoke student “misconceptions,” and we construct a simple model to explain the patterns of response choices. Physics students were asked to compare a physical quantity represented by the slope, such as speed, on simple physics graphs. We found that response times of incorrect answers, resulting from comparing heights, were faster than response times of correct answers comparing slopes. This result alone might be explained by the fact that height was typically processed faster than slope for this kind of task, which we confirmed in a separate experiment. However, we hypothesize that the difference in response time is an indicator of the cause (rather than the result) of the response choice. To support this, we found that imposing a 3‐s delay in responding increased the number of students comparing slopes (answering correctly) on the task. Additionally a significant proportion of students recognized the correct written rule (compare slope), but on the graph task they incorrectly compared heights. Finally, training either with repetitive examples or providing a general rule both improved scores, but only repetitive examples had a large effect on response times, thus providing evidence of dual paths or processes to a solution. Considering models of heuristics, information accumulation models, and models relevant to the Stroop effect, we construct a simple relative processing time model that could be viewed as a kind of fluency heuristic. The results suggest that misconception‐like patterns of answers to some science questions commonly found on tests may be explained in part by automatic processes that involve the relative processing time of considered dimensions and a priority to answer quickly. 相似文献