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271.
Zabriskie B 《The Journal of analytical psychology》2005,50(2):223-235
The capacity of the human mind to discover and invent both imagistic analogies and mathematical structures to represent reality is strikingly juxtaposed in the ancient Chinese text of the I Ching. Its emphasis on containing all sorts of opposites and its plastic appeal to multi-valenced experience has kept it alive through millennia and across cultures. Jung was introduced to its Taoist wisdom by the Sinologist Richard Wilhelm. The Nobel Laureate quantum physicist Wolfgang Pauli became familiar with its philosophy and mathematics through his reading of Schopenhauer and Leibniz. In their correspondence about the nature of the unconscious and synchronicity, Pauli and Jung also exchanged their musings on Pauli's dreams of a Chinese woman, her role in his psyche and his scientific theories(1). 相似文献
272.
Representation and working memory in early arithmetic 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Working memory has been implicated in the early acquisition of arithmetic skill, but the relations among different components of working memory, performance on different types of arithmetic problems, and development have not been explored. Preschool and Grade 1 children completed measures of phonological, visual-spatial, and central executive working memory, as well as nonverbal and verbal arithmetic problems, some of which included irrelevant information. For preschool children, accuracy was higher on nonverbal problems than on verbal problems, and the best and only unique predictor of performance on the standard nonverbal problems was visual-spatial working memory. This finding is consistent with the view that most preschoolers use a mental model for arithmetic that requires visual-spatial working memory. For Grade 1 children, performance was equivalent on nonverbal and verbal problems, and phonological working memory was the best predictor of performance on standard verbal problems. For both age groups, problems with added irrelevant information were substantially more difficult than standard problems, and in some cases measures of the central executive predicted performance. Assessing performance on different components of working memory in conjunction with different types of arithmetic problems provided new insights into the developing relations between working memory and how children do arithmetic. 相似文献
273.
A review of the debate on the Empirically Supported Treatment Program is presented. It is argued that underlying the specifics of the debate are fundamentally incompatible paradigms: a meaning vs. a medical model. The findings from two gold standard multi-site studies are reviewed to conclude that the control condition meets requirements for an empirically supported treatment. The empirical finding of the failure of clinical training to improve treatment outcomes is explained by the focus on rational factors in training. It is recommended that training of therapists focus on enhancing experiential capacity rather than mastery of manualized treatment approaches. 相似文献
274.
This paper will focus on the writer’s experience as a native New Yorker relocating to Montgomery, Alabama. The writer will
share how he adjusted and coped with overt discrimination and racism in the context of the high school in which he attended
there-a majority white high school on the “other” side of town. The writer will share how he employed the following coping
mechanisms as methods of adjusting to his new environment: translating emotional experiences into words (relaxation and talk
therapy), involvement with other black positive peers, careful assessment before acting, withdrawal and avoidance, and consuming
African-American literature. 相似文献
275.
Kalenscher T Güntürkün O Calabrese P Gehlen W Kalt T Diekamp B 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》2005,84(3):521-535
Working memory, the ability to temporarily retain task-relevant information across a delay, is frequently investigated using delayed matching-to-sample (DMTS) or delayed Go/No-Go tasks (DGNG). In DMTS tasks, sample cues instruct the animal which type of response has to be executed at the end of a delay. Typically, performance decreases with increasing delay duration, indicating that working memory fades across a delay. However, no such performance decrease has been found when the sample cues exist of present vs. absent stimuli, suggesting that pigeons do not rely on working memory, but seem to respond by default in those trials. We trained 3 pigeons in a DGNG task and found a similar default response pattern: The diverging slopes of the retention functions on correct Go and No-Go trials suggested that pigeons by default omitted their response following No-Go stimuli, but actively retained task-relevant information across the delay for successful responses on Go trials. We conducted single-cell recordings in the avian nidopallium caudolaterale, a structure comparable to the mammalian prefrontal cortex. On Go trials, many neurons displayed sustained elevated activity during the delay preceding the response, replicating previous findings and suggesting that task-relevant information was neurally represented and maintained across the delay. However, the same units did not show enhanced delay activity preceding correct response suppressions in No-Go trials. This activation-inactivation pattern presumably constitutes a neural correlate of the default response strategy observed in the DGNG task. 相似文献
276.
The purpose of this article is to offer pastoral reflections on the movie by Mel Gibson entitled The Passion of the Christ. 相似文献
277.
A necessary and sufficient condition is given in this paper for the existence and uniqueness of the maximum likelihood (the
so-called joint maximum likelihood) estimate of the parameters of the Partial Credit Model. This condition is stated in terms
of a structural property of the pattern of the data matrix that can be easily verified on the basis of a simple iterative
procedure. The result is proved by using an argument of Haberman (1977).
The author wishes to thank the Editor and the anonymous reviewers for their comments that helped to substantially improve
the final version of this paper.
This research was supported in part by a MURST grant (ex 60%). 相似文献
278.
Two new tests for a model for the response times on pure speed tests by Rasch (1960) are proposed. The model is based on the
assumption that the test response times are approximately gamma distributed, with known index parameters and unknown rate
parameters. The rate parameters are decomposed in a subject ability parameter and a test difficulty parameter. By treating
the ability as a gamma distributed random variable, maximum marginal likelihood (MML) estimators for the test difficulty parameters
and the parameters of the ability distribution are easily derived. Also the model tests proposed here pertain to the framework
of MML. Two tests or modification indices are proposed. The first one is focused on the assumption of local stochastic independence,
the second one on the assumption of the test characteristic functions. The tests are based on Lagrange multiplier statistics,
and can therefore be computed using the parameter estimates under the null model. Therefore, model violations for all items
and pairs of items can be assessed as a by-product of one single estimation run. Power studies and applications to real data
are included as numerical examples. 相似文献
279.
Quantitative psychology is concerned with the development and application of mathematical models in the behavioral sciences.
Over time, models have become more complex, a consequence of the increasing complexity of research designs and experimental
data, which is also a consequence of the utility of mathematical models in the science. As models have become more elaborate,
the problems of estimating them have become increasingly challenging. This paper gives an introduction to a computing tool
called automatic differentiation that is useful in calculating derivatives needed to estimate a model. As its name implies,
automatic differentiation works in a routine way to produce derivatives accurately and quickly. Because so many features of
model development require derivatives, the method has considerable potential in psychometric work. This paper reviews several
examples to demonstrate how the methodology can be applied.
From the Presidential Address delivered at the 70th Annual Meeting of the Psychometric Society, Tilburg University, The Netherlands,
July 5–8, 2005. 相似文献
280.
Lynam DR Caspi A Moffitt TE Raine A Loeber R Stouthamer-Loeber M 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2005,33(4):431-443
The present study examines the relation between psychopathy and the Big Five dimensions of personality in two samples of adolescents. Specifically, the study tests the hypothesis that the aspect of psychopathy representing selfishness, callousness, and interpersonal manipulation (Factor 1) is most strongly associated with low Agreeableness, whereas the aspect of psychopathy representing impulsivity, instability, and social deviance (Factor 2) is associated with low Agreeableness, low Conscientiousness, and high Neuroticism. Data from 13- and 16-year-old boys and their mothers from two samples of the Pittsburgh Youth Study are used to test these hypotheses. Results were consistent across age and rating source in supporting the initial hypotheses, providing support for the construct of juvenile psychopathy and the interpretation of psychopathy as a constellation of traits drawn from a general model of personality functioning. 相似文献