Risk profiles in novice road users: Relation between moped riding simulator performance,on-road aberrant behaviors and dangerous driving

The aim of this study was to compare the scores obtained by an Italian sample of novice drivers/riders on an adapted version of the Driver Behaviour Questionnaire (DBQ) and the Dula Dangerous Driving Index (DDDI) with their performance in a moped-riding simulator. Cluster analysis on the indexes extracted by the simulator were used to identify two groups with opposite riding styles: Prudent riders and Imprudent riders.Using the DBQ, our data not only confirmed data in the literature indicating that females reported more driving Errors than males, and that males reported higher Intended Violation scores than females, but also showed that gender effects are modulated by riding style (as measured by the simulator) and driving exposure. Differences between males’ and females’ DBQ scores were only apparent for Imprudent riders, while the reported Errors, Slips and Lapses, and Violations were lower the higher the driving exposure.As for the DDDI, males scored higher than females for Risky Driving, and the Aggressive Driving scores were higher the greater the driving exposure, but only for Imprudent riders.These results provide crucial information for the use of DBQ and DDDI questionnaires in the Italian population. They also confirm that a multidimensional approach, supported by the use of driving simulators, may facilitate a more detailed assessment of riding abilities.     

Conflict management styles and work-related well-being among higher education employees

The objective of the study was to assess the relationship between conflict management styles and work-related well-being of employees in a higher education institution in South Africa. Participants were academic personnel (n = 180) and support staff (n = 201), of which 59.9% were females and 29.9% were black African participants of a large South African university. They completed self-report measures of conflict management and work-related well-being. The data were analysed to predict work-related well-being from conflict management styles and to determine the differences between support staff and academic personnel regarding conflict management styles and work-related well-being. Findings indicated the conflict management style of compromise to predict lower levels of engagement and higher levels of disengagement. Support staff reported to utilise the compromising and dominating style more than did academic personnel. Diversity in conflict management styles may serve organisations better than a monolithic conflict management style.     

The Association Between Sense of Humor and Trauma-Related Mental Health Outcomes: Two Exploratory Studies

Two studies (n?=?73, n?=?132) explored the association between sense of humor and trauma-related well-being outcomes. It was found that sense of humor was not associated with reports of posttraumatic growth as measured by the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI). Self-enhancing humor was positively associated with positive changes as measured by the CiOQ-P. Benign humor styles were associated negatively with emotion regulation difficulties and negative changes (CiOQ-N). Self-defeating humor was associated positively with negative changes, avoidant states, and emotion regulation difficulties. The results suggest that self-enhancing humor could be helpful in order to cope with trauma.     

产后抑郁的预测因素及神经生理机制

产后抑郁是产后时期出现的抑郁症状,对女性及其后代甚至家人都会造成严重的负面影响。产后抑郁稳定的预测因素是遗传基因、依恋风格、童年负性生活经历和激素水平的变化;涉及的脑区和神经网络集中在前额叶皮层、扣带回、杏仁核和海马等脑区及相应神经网络。未来应在探索综合的预测模型、男性伴侣的对照试验和基于大脑可塑性特征的干预模式等方面展开深入研究。     

父母教养方式与青少年网络成瘾:自我弹性的中介和调节作用检验

对2758名初中生的父母教养方式、网络成瘾和自我弹性进行问卷测查,考察父母教养方式与青少年网络成瘾的关系及自我弹性在其中的作用。结果表明:(1)控制无关变量后,专制和纵容教养显著正向预测网络成瘾。(2)自我弹性在权威和专制教养与网络成瘾之间有中介作用。(3)自我弹性在专制教养与网络成瘾之间有调节作用,专制教养与网络成瘾的正向联系在高自我弹性个体中要比在低自我弹性个体中更明显。     

弈棋风格的fMRI证据

为了探寻弈棋风格大局观维度存在的生理证据,研究使用1.5T功能型磁共振仪,采用被试间设计,记录并比较不同风格的围棋业余棋手在思考围棋问题时脑区激活情况。结果表明：大局观高分组被单独激活的Brodmann区有右BA1、右BA6、右BA17、右BA19,而低分组被试被单独激活的Brodmann区是左BA7、左BA9、右BA25、右BA37、右BA46、左BA47。这种差异为弈棋风格大局观维度的存在提供了生理性证据。     

不同认知方式个体在语篇阅读中抑制外部干扰的眼动研究

采用眼动追踪技术探讨了当干扰材料的意义性不同和干扰材料位置可预测性不同时, 不同认知方式个体在语篇阅读中抑制外来无关干扰的特点, 结果表明: 不同认知方式个体在语篇阅读中抑制外部干扰的能力存在差异, 场独立者好于场依存者, 而且这种差异发生在抑制加工的后作用过程, 本研究支持Dywan等人提出的理论观点。不管是场依存者还是场独立者在语篇阅读中, 相对于无意义干扰材料, 有意义的外部干扰更能吸引阅读者的注意力, 对语篇阅读的干扰作用更明显; 相对于可预测位置的干扰, 读者在阅读过程中更难避开不可预测位置的干扰材料, 其产生的干扰作用更大。     

Coping Style and Depression in Early Adolescence: Relationships to Gender,Gender Role,and Implicit Beliefs

Three studies were designed to investigate the interrelationships among coping styles, gender roles, and level of depression for early adolescents. Girls displayed more depression than boys, and more highly depressed girls demonstrated coping patterns similar to those of depressed adolescent and adult women. Individuals who identified with the feminine gender role showed increases in depression with age. Participants' implicit beliefs about what constituted appropriate coping behavior were also linked to gender. Both genders believed that men should not ruminate but that they should distract themselves from problems. The implications of these findings are discussed.     

处于不支持行为压力下的下岗人员的心理中介研究

本研究以 3 2 4名下岗人员为被试 ,考察不支持行为、应付方式、控制感与心理健康之间的关系。结果表明 ,情感不支持 ( β =0 .46)可以直接影响心理健康 ,同时情感不支持 ( β=0 .2 6)又通过自责 ( β =0 .3 1 )和发泄 ( β =0 .1 4 )两种应付方式和人际关系控制感 ( β=-0 .1 0 )而间接影响心理健康 ,下岗人员的应付方式和控制感在不支持行为和心理健康之间起重要中介作用。     

Predicting Psychiatric Symptomatology with the Defense Style Questionnaire-40

The relationship between specific defense styles and symptom-related responses was investigated in a large sample of university students. In general, immature defenses were the major predictors of the symptom patterns measured by the Brief Symptom Inventory. In particular, combinations of projection, displacement, autistic fantasy, somatization, and acting out were the strongest predictors of psychopathology. Projection was a major predictor of psychopathology in males, whereas displacement was the major predictor for females. Several similarities and differences in the relationship between defense styles and different disorders were revealed.;or timing of both psychological and hormonal responses to 2 given volumes of training.