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891.
CARL MARTIN ALLWOOD 《Scandinavian journal of psychology》1990,31(3):181-190
The relation between the justification of a choice of solution method and the correctness of that choice in statistical problem solving was investigated. In the first of two studies 16 subjects were asked to think aloud while solving two statistical problems. The results showed that an incorrect choice of solution method was more common when subjects did not justify their choice of solution as compared to when they justified their choice with domain-specific knowledge. Study 2 employed an experimental design. A group of 20 subjects were instructed to provide a justification for each choice of solution method, while another group of 20 subjects received no such instructions. The results showed no difference between the groups with respect to number of correct choices of solution method. A qualitative analysis of the justifications in the instructed group showed that the justifications for incorrect solution methods were more often incorrect than subjects' justifications for correct solution methods. The results in Study 2 suggested that the association found between incorrect choice of solution method and lack of justification in Study 1 was not in the first place due to a strategical deficiency on the part of the subjects but due to a lack of domain-specific knowledge. 相似文献
892.
Joseph B. Kruskal 《Psychometrika》1976,41(3):281-293
Some methods that analyze three-way arrays of data (including INDSCAL and CANDECOMP/PARAFAC) provide solutions that are not subject to arbitrary rotation. This property is studied in this paper by means of the triple product [A, B, C] of three matrices. The question is how well the triple product determines the three factors. The answer: up to permutation of columns and multiplication of columns by scalars—under certain conditions. In this paper we greatly expand the conditions under which the result is known to hold. A surprising fact is that the nonrotatability characteristic can hold even when the number of factors extracted is greater thanevery dimension of the three-way array, namely, the number of subjects, the number of tests, and the number of treatments.This paper is being published in place of Dr. Kruskal's presidential address to the Psychometric Society, April, 1975. Further results like those in this paper, as well as a surprising connection with an area of mathematics called arithmetic complexity theory, will be found in a more recent paper [Kruskal, in press]. 相似文献
893.
Martha E. Bernal Mary D. Klinnert Leola A. Schultz 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》1980,13(4):677-691
The central question addressed was, how effective is parent training in reducing conduct problems in children in comparison to client-centered parent counseling? A secondary question was the relative effectiveness of the two treatment groups in comparison to a wait control group that when untreated during the 8-week period of treatment provided the other groups. Families of 36, 5- to 12-year-old conduct problem children were screened and assigned at random to treatment groups, but wait control group assignment depended upon therapist availability. Supervised graduate student therapists conducted 10 treatment sessions for each family. Parent reports and paper and pencil tests of child deviance and parent satisfaction showed a superior outcome for behavioral over the client-centered and wait control groups, and no differences between the latter two groups. At follow-up there was no maintenance of this superiority. Home observation data showed no advantage of behavioral over client-centered treatment, and these two groups did not improve significantly more than the wait control group. These results were discussed in the light of possible interactions between treatment and measurement, and methodological and sampling differences between this and other studies. 相似文献
894.
Some existing three-way factor analysis and MDS models incorporate Cattell's “Principle of Parallel Proportional Profiles”.
These models can—with appropriate data—empirically determine a unique best fitting axis orientation without the need for a
separate factor rotation stage, but they have not been general enough to deal with what Tucker has called “interactions” among
dimensions. This article presents a proof of unique axis orientation for a considerably more general parallel profiles model
which incorporates interacting dimensions. The model, Xk=AADk HBDk B', does not assume symmetry in the data or in the interactions among factors. A second proof is presented for the symmetrically
weighted case (i.e., whereADk=BDk). The generality of these models allows one to impose successive restrictions to obtain several useful special cases, including
PARAFAC2 and three-way DEDICOM.
We want to express appreciation for the contributions of several colleagues: Jos M. F. ten Berge and Henk A. L. Kiers carefully
went through more than one version of this article, found an important error, and contributed many improvements. J. Douglas
Carroll and Shizuhiko Nishisato acted with unusual editorial preserverance and flexibility, thereby making possible the successful
completion of a difficult assessment and revision process. Joseph B. Kruskal has long provided crucial mathematical insights
and inspiration to those working in this area, but this is particularly true for us. His contributions to this specific article
include early discussion of basic questions and careful examination of some earlier attempted proofs, finding them to be invalid.
The anonymous reviewers also made useful suggestions. Some portions of this work were supported in part by a grant from the
Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. 相似文献
895.
Using a sample of 556 adolescents from a suburban community, patterns of various adolescent problem behaviors (e.g., delinquent
behavior, smoking, use of alcohol or drugs) and their links to self-efficacy, social competence, and life events were examined.
Cluster analysis was conducted to identify four subgroups of adolescents who showed distinct patterns of problem behaviors.
These clusters were compared on the measures of self-efficacy, social competence, and life events. Overall results suggest
there are meaningful links between adolescents’ problem behavior patterns and self-efficacy, the amount and quality of participation
in various after school activities, and life events. For example, a subgroup of adolescents who showed uniformly low prevalence
of all problem behaviors reported more positive academic self-efficacy, more active participation in sports and nonsports
activities, more positive life events, and fewer negative events than adolescents who were involved in multiple problem behaviors.
Implications for prevention and future research on adolescent problem behaviors are discussed. 相似文献
896.
Parents and peer group as mediators of the effect of community structure on adolescent problem behavior 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Ronald L. Simons Christine Johnson Jay Beaman Rand D. Conger Les B. Whitbeck 《American journal of community psychology》1996,24(1):145-171
Used a sample of 207 single-parent families residing in 104 small, Midwestern communities to test hypotheses regarding the
link between community context and adolescent conduct problems and psychological distress. For boys, community disadvantage
had a direct affect on psychological distress, while it indirectly boosted the probability of conduct problems by disrupting
parenting and increasing affiliation with deviant peers. Community disadvantage was unrelated to the deviant behavior or emotional
well-being of girls. Proportion of single-parent households in the community had a direct effect on girls' conduct problems.
It also contributed indirectly to girls' conduct problems by increasing the probability of involvement with deviant peers.
Possible explanations for these gender differences are provided.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at the annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Miami, November
1994. Work on this project was supported by the National Institute of Mental Health (MH48165) and the National Institute of
Child Health and Human Development (HD27724). Journal Paper No. 16629 of the Iowa Agriculture and Home Economic Experiment
Station, Ames, Iowa. Project No. 3320. 相似文献
897.
Alan Repp 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》1994,27(2):409-411
Functional analysis procedures were developed in the 1980s in an effort to determine whether clinicians could identify the function of behavior problems like self-injury and aggression. More recently, several groups of researchers have been attempting to extend that procedure to classroom environments. The following commentary reflects my viewpoint of this transition. 相似文献
898.
Lynn Foster-Johnson Jolenea Ferro Glen Dunlap 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》1994,27(3):493-504
This research examined the relation between students' preferences for curricular activities and the occurrence of problem and desirable behaviors in 3 students with moderate intellectual disabilities. Activity preference was determined with a systematic assessment procedure. Subsequently, the influence of activity preference on student behavior was evaluated using a reversal design. Results showed that preferred activities were associated with reduced levels of problem behavior and increased levels of desirable behaviors. The findings of this investigation contribute to the applied literature on activity preference and suggest directions for future research in the areas of curriculum design, preference, and curricular modifications as a viable behavior-management strategy. 相似文献
899.
This paper puts forward the hypothesis that consciousness might be linked to matter in a way which is more sophisticated than the traditional macroscopic Cartesian hypothesis suggests.Advances in the biophysics of the nervous system, not only on the level of its macroscopic functioning but also on the level of individual ion channels, have made the question of how finely consciousness is tied to matter and its dynamics more important. Quantum mechanics limits the attainable resolution and puts into doubt the idea of an infinitely fine-woven attachment. A recent approach to physics rekindles such a rationalist hope. Endophysics focuses on the global implications of microscopic computer simulations of chemical and biophysical processes. A complete artificial universe can be set up in the computer. It produces non-classical and nonlocal effects inside — on the interface that exists between an internal observer (fluid neuron) and the rest of the world. This interface is finer than any brain property to which the status of the mind-body interface has been attributed hitherto. A new class of experiments becomes possible in the artificial world and, by analogy, in the real world. Magnetic resonance imaging experiments, routinely performed under open-loop conditions, can be repeated under psychophysical (closed-loop) conditions — in search for microscopically induced changes in the perceived and measured structure of the world. 相似文献
900.
Two studies analyzed the effects of preceding setting events on the problem behavior of students with severe disabilities. Using ABAB withdrawal designs, the occurrence versus nonoccurrence of preceding setting events was analyzed in relation to the frequency of problem behavior. Data were collected throughout a student's school day, with interventions focusing upon the elimination of setting events that occurred before school. The results indicate that (a) the occurrence of preceding setting events was related to higher frequencies of problem behavior and (b) interventions designed to eliminate preceding setting events were consistently associated with low frequencies of problem behavior. 相似文献