Wives’ career progression among dual-career ethno-cultural couples: Husbands’ perspectives

This study explored the perspectives of husbands regarding the participation of their wives in professional occupations. The participants included nine South African Indian men in dual-career marriages (ages ranging from 25 to 54 years old). The completed semi-structured, life-story interviews focused on the socio-historic and contemporary influences on marital and familial dynamics with working spouses. Thematic analysis of the data revealed the husbands to be supportive of their spouses across familial and occupational roles. The findings contradict the stereotype that South African Indian husbands are unsupportive of their working spouses.     

Conceptual and linguistic representations of kinds and classes

We investigate the hypothesis that our conceptual systems provide two formally distinct ways of representing categories by investigating the manner in which lexical nominals (e.g., tree, picnic table) and phrasal nominals (e.g., black bird, birds that like rice) are interpreted. Four experiments found that lexical nominals may be mapped onto kind representations, whereas phrasal nominals map onto class representations but not kind representations. Experiment 1 found that phrasal nominals, unlike lexical nominals, are mapped onto categories whose members need not be of a single kind. Experiments 2 and 3 found that categories named by lexical nominals enter into both class inclusion and kind hierarchies and thus support both class inclusion (is a) and kind specification (kind of) relations, whereas phrasal nominals map onto class representations which support only class inclusion relations. Experiment 4 showed that the two types of nominals represent hierarchical relations in different ways. Phrasal nominals (e.g., white bear) are mapped onto classes that have criteria of membership in addition to those specified by the class picked out by the head noun of the phrase (e.g., bear). In contrast, lexical nominals (e.g., polar bear) specify one way to meet the criteria specified by the more general kind concept (e.g., bear). Implications for the language-conceptual system interface, representation of hierarchical relations, lexicalization, and theories of conceptual combination are discussed.     

Sistemas de Instrucción Asistida por Ordenador: el sistema ABRAXAS

Resumen

Este artículo presenta el desarrollo de un sistema de instrucción asistida por ordenador (IAO), el sistema Abraxas, dirigido a los estudiantes de Psicología. Su objetivo es enseñar la metodología del análisis factorial, tema de considerable dificultad para una gran mayoría de los estudiantes. Desde hace unos años, los sistemas IAO se han convertido en herramientas cotidianas de trabajo en distintos ámbitos de investigación y aplicación. Sin embargo, dichos sistemas no cumplen su objetivo en la gran mayoría de los casos, siendo una de las causas que durante el proceso de diseño y desarrollo, no se toman en cuanta una serie de pautas que se deben seguir al diseñar y desarrollar sistemas IAO, de modo que se optimice el aprendizaje real de los usuarios. Abraxas se divide en 5 módulos instruccionales: introducción temática, idea de correlación, idea de factor, desarrollo matemático y modelos factoriales. En cada módulo se usan distintos tipos de pantallas, de enseñanza, criterialesy de evaluación, y cada uno de estos módulos se ha valorado con potenciales usuarios desde el momento de su diseño; los resultados han indicado el éxito de esta estrategia.     

情境意识的理论模型、测量及其应用

情境意识（situation awareness简称SA）是个体对不断变化的外部环境的内部表征。在复杂、动态变化的信息环境中,它是影响操作者决策和绩效的关键因素。文章着重回顾并分析了情境意识的四种研究取向,主要的测量技术,及其在系统设计和评价、人员选拔和训练方面的应用,最后提出了未来需要深入研究的几个问题。     

人工感知技术的医学伦理探究

人工感知技术突破人类自然感官的限制,在拓展人类对世界和自我认知的同时带来了新的医学伦理挑战,“侵入性”概念在医疗器械开发、监管、市场准入和使用中起着重要作用,但传统的侵入性和非侵入性概念已经不再适用于新兴医疗神经技术的伦理讨论。人工感知技术的发展不仅关乎科学技术和实际应用,还涉及人类的价值观、医学伦理和人类自身文明的未来发展方向。在当前认知方式的变革和转型中,因为人工感知的临床应用对人体的特殊介入方式,思考人工感知技术带来的医学伦理新问题,重新反思医学技术与人类的关系,成为医学哲学当务之急。

     

Homotopic language reorganization in the right hemisphere after early left hemisphere injury

Speech production is inextricably linked to speech perception, yet they are usually investigated in isolation. In this study, we employed a verbal-repetition task to identify the neural substrates of speech processing with two ends active simultaneously using functional MRI. Subjects verbally repeated auditory stimuli containing an ambiguous vowel sound that could be perceived as either a word or a pseudoword depending on the interpretation of the vowel. We found verbal repetition commonly activated the audition-articulation interface bilaterally at Sylvian fissures and superior temporal sulci. Contrasting word-versus-pseudoword trials revealed neural activities unique to word repetition in the left posterior middle temporal areas and activities unique to pseudoword repetition in the left inferior frontal gyrus. These findings imply that the tasks are carried out using different speech codes: an articulation-based code of pseudowords and an acoustic-phonetic code of words. It also supports the dual-stream model and imitative learning of vocabulary.     

Openness, fluid intelligence, and crystallized intelligence: Toward an integrative model

Many studies are concerned with the bivariate relationships between Openness, fluid intelligence (Gf), and crystallized intelligence (Gc). Results suggest an influence of Gf and Openness on Gc. However, the overlap between Gf and Openness is rarely controlled for. Moreover, interaction effects or longitudinal influences are also often neglected. The present two studies aimed to elucidate exactly these interactions and longitudinal influences. Besides a main effect of Gf on Gc, Study 1 (N = 180) revealed an interaction effect between Openness and Gf. Study 2 utilized longitudinal data (N = 172) and identified an effect of Openness on the development of Gf. Gf and Openness predicted Gc 6 years later. A model integrating the results and providing a theoretical framework and outlook is proposed.     

Measuring the positive side of the work-family interface: Development and validation of a work-family enrichment scale

Based on current conceptualizations of enrichment, or the positive side of the work-family interface, a multi-dimensional measure of work-family enrichment is developed and validated using five samples. The final 18 item measure consists of three dimensions from the work to family direction (development, affect, and capital) and three dimensions from the family to work direction (development, affect, and efficiency). The validity of the scale was established by assessing the content adequacy, dimensionality, reliability, factor structure invariance, convergent validity, divergent validity, and its relationship to work and family correlates.     

Cognitive and movement measures reflect the transition to presence-at-hand

The phenomenological philosopher Martin Heidegger's proposed transition from readiness-to-hand to presence-at-hand and the hypothesis of extended cognition were addressed empirically in an experiment on tool use. It involved a video game of steering erratically moving objects to a target while performing a secondary cognitive task. A strong perturbation of the hand-pointer linkage in the video game induced the transition from ready-to-hand to present-at-hand. In Experiment 1, this perturbation resulted in decreased motor performance and improved recall of task-irrelevant features. Experiment 2 replicated these results and addressed additional questions. Measures of movement variability based on the multifractal formalism confirmed the hypothesized decrease in functional integration of the tool during the perturbation. Dynamical interactions allow user and tool to act as a system. The tool is properly described as ready-to-hand during normal operation but as present-at-hand during perturbation. Physiological measures showed that the ready-to-hand to present-at-hand transition does not necessarily lead to a stress response.