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611.
The current study investigated gender differences in the personal hero choices, hero attributions, and characteristics attributed
to “typical” male and female heroes of children living in the Midwestern United States (N = 103; mean age = 10 years). Questionnaires were completed in a school setting. The majority of girls chose heroes personally
known to them; boys chose personal and public figures equally often. Most boys chose same gender heroes; girls’ nominations
were mixed. Gender differences were also seen in the characteristics children attributed to their own heroes and in their
conceptions of “typical” male and female heroes. Children rated same-gender “typical” heroes more positively on many attributes,
except for stereotypically masculine characteristics. Gender socialization, stereotypes, and in-group favoritism were used
to explain these findings.
Portions of this project were presented at the 2003 Society for Research on Child Development Biennial Meeting. We wish to
thank Anna V. Persson and Sara E. Goldstein for their assistance on the early development of this study. We also appreciate
the children, teachers, guidance counselors and principals at Leipsic Local School and Pandora-Gilboa Elementary School for
making this study possible. Inquiries about this study should be addressed to Shayla Holub, . 相似文献
612.
Godfrey B. Tangwa 《Theoretical medicine and bioethics》2008,29(5):297-306
The central importance of reproduction in all human cultures has given rise to many methods and techniques of assisting reproduction
or overcoming infertility. Such methods and techniques have achieved spectacular successes in the Western world, where processes
like in vitro fertilization (IVF) constitute a remarkable breakthrough. In this paper, the author attempts to reflect critically
on assisted reproduction technologies (ART) from the background and perspective of African culture, a culture within which
human reproduction is given the highest priority but which also exhibits a highly ambivalent attitude to modern technology-assisted
methods of reproduction. The author considers the ethical crux of reproductive technologies to be linked to the issue of the
moral status of the human embryo and argues that a morally significant line of demarcation cannot be drawn between embryos and other categories of humans. 相似文献
613.
The Great Apes and the Severely Disabled: Moral Status and Thick Evaluative Concepts 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Logi Gunnarsson 《Ethical Theory and Moral Practice》2008,11(3):305-326
The literature of bioethics suffers from two serious problems. (1) Most authors are unable to take seriously both the rights
of the great apes and of severely disabled human infants. Rationalism—moral status rests on rational capacities—wrongly assigns
a higher moral status to the great apes than to all severely disabled human infants with less rational capacities than the
great apes. Anthropocentrism—moral status depends on membership in the human species—falsely grants all humans a higher moral
status than the great apes. Animalism—moral status is dependent on the ability to suffer—mistakenly equates the moral status
of humans and most animals. (2) The concept person is widely used for justificatory purposes, but it seems that it cannot play such a role. It seems that it is either redundant
or unable to play any justificatory role. I argue that we can solve the second problem by understanding person as a thick evaluative concept. This then enables us to justify assigning a higher moral status to the great apes than to
simple animals: the great apes are persons. To solve the first problem, I argue that certain severely disabled infants have
a higher moral status than the great apes because they are dependent upon human relationships for their well-being. Only very
limited abilities are required for such relationships, and the question who is capable of them must be based on thick evaluative
concepts. Thus, it turns out that to make progress in bioethics we must assign thick evaluative concepts a central role.
相似文献
Logi GunnarssonEmail: |
614.
Wolfgang Wildgen 《Axiomathes》2008,18(1):91-116
The evolution of human symbolic capacity must have been very rapid even in some intermediate stage (e.g. the proto-symbolic
behavior of Homo erectus). Such a rapid process requires a runaway model. The type of very selective and hyperbolically growing
self-organization called “hypercyle” by Eigen and Schuster could explain the rapidity and depth of the evolutionary process,
whereas traditional runaway models of sexual selection seem to be rather implausible in the case of symbolic evolution. We
assume two levels: at the first level the species is adapted to ecological demands and accumulates the effects of this process
in the genome. At the second level a kind of social/cultural knowledge is accumulated via a set of symbolic forms, one of
which is language. Bühler’s model of three basic functions of signs can also be elaborated so that its cyclic structure becomes
apparent. We assume that the hypercyclic process of semiosis and functional differentiation was triggered in 2 my BP (with
the Homo erectus) and got more and more speed with the species Homo sapiens and later. The consequences for the evolutionary
stratification of human languages will be drawn in the last section of the paper. The basic aim of the paper is to provide
a semiotic (and not just a linguistic) explanation of the origin of language which can be linked to relevant models in evolutionary
biology and which exploits the possibilities contained in self-organizing systems.
相似文献
Wolfgang WildgenEmail: |
615.
Spatial reorientation in large and small enclosures: comparative and developmental perspectives 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Several vertebrate species, including humans, following passive spatial disorientation appear to be able to reorient themselves
by making use of the geometric shape of the environment (i.e., metric properties of surfaces and directional sense). In some
circumstances, reliance on such purely geometric information can overcome the use of local featural cues (landmarks). The
relative use of geometric and non-geometric information seems to depend upon, among other factors, the size of the experimental
space. Evidence in non-human animals and in human infants for primacy in encoding either geometric or landmark information
depending on the size of the environment is reviewed, together with possible theoretical accounts of this phenomenon. 相似文献
616.
James Scott Johnston 《Studies in Philosophy and Education》2009,28(2):119-133
The biggest problem facing schools having social justice curricula, beyond implementation of a programme, I claim, is the problem of justification: what grounds what in social justice and how do we make this manifest to ourselves and to the curricula? If we cannot address this, then social justice curricula are doomed to begging the question. I claim that a ranking of human rights is not only necessary to adjudicate competing claims for social justice and at the same time, thwart interference with already agreed-upon human rights: it is necessary for any curriculum of social justice for schools. That is to say, curricular programs of social justice cannot justify social practices that interfere with human rights, nor can they teach otherwise than this. Due attention to the violation of human rights is necessary, I shall argue, and must be central in the discussion of education for social justice. 相似文献
617.
The role of the auditory brainstem in processing linguistically-relevant pitch patterns 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Historically, the brainstem has been neglected as a part of the brain involved in language processing. We review recent evidence of language-dependent effects in pitch processing based on comparisons of native vs. nonnative speakers of a tonal language from electrophysiological recordings in the auditory brainstem. We argue that there is enhancing of linguistically-relevant pitch dimensions or features well before the auditory signal reaches the cerebral cortex. We propose that long-term experience with a tone language sharpens the tuning characteristics of neurons along the pitch axis with enhanced sensitivity to linguistically-relevant, rapidly changing sections of pitch contours. Though not specific to a speech context, experience-dependent brainstem mechanisms for pitch representation are clearly sensitive to particular aspects of pitch contours that native speakers of a tone language have been exposed to. Such experience-dependent effects on lower-level sensory processing are compatible with more integrated, hierarchically organized pathways to language and the brain. 相似文献
618.
Participants were asked to draw inferences about correlation from single x,y observations. In Experiment 1 statistically sophisticated participants were given the univariate characteristics of distributions of x and y and asked to infer whether a single x, y observation came from a correlated or an uncorrelated population. In Experiment 2, students with a variety of statistical backgrounds assigned posterior probabilities to five possible populations based on single x, y observations, again given knowledge of the univariate statistics. In Experiment 3, statistically naïve participants were given a problem analogous to that given in Experiment 1, framed verbally. Experiment 4 replicated Experiment 3 but added an "impossible to determine" response option. Models that rely on computing sample correlations make no predictions about these investigations. From a Bayesian perspective, participants' inferences in all four experiments tended to make probabilistically valid inferences as long as the single datum was directional. The results are discussed in light of the Brunswikian notion of vicarious functioning. 相似文献
619.
by Larry Rasmussen 《Zygon》2009,44(1):97-113
On one level this is a case study in science, religion, and morality, with special attention to the consequences for morality of science's embeddedness in society. On another level this is the science-and-theology dialogue between the theologian Dietrich Bonhoeffer and his brother Karl-Friedrich, a physicist. The influence of Karl-Friedrich and the brothers' exchanges on Dietrich's prison theology receives special attention. Because this study is set in Germany in the 1930s and 40s, and Karl-Friedrich's work intersected Germany's efforts to develop a nuclear weapon, the discussion leads to Los Alamos and the Manhattan Project. The attention there is to the interplay of science, religion, and morality at the time the bomb was detonated at the Trinity site. 相似文献
620.
本研究通过访谈、文献分析、问卷调查,采用探索性因子分析和验证性因子分析等方法,探讨了高校教师组织承诺的结构维度.结果显示,高校教师的组织承诺结构由感情承诺、理想承诺、关系承诺、条件承诺、持续承诺和责任承诺六个因子构成. 相似文献