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71.
Three experiments examined the nature of inhibitory learning in Pavlovian simultaneous (A+, XA-) and serial (A+, X → A-) feature negative discrimination prodecures in a conditioned suppression situation with rat subjects. The feature (X) trained with simultaneous procedures readily inhibited suppression conditioned to another excitor (B) that was not involved in the feature negative discrimination with X. But the feature trained with serial procedures showed little or no ability to inhibit suppression conditioned to other excitors. These results were obtained with both between- and within-subjects designs, with a variety of test procedures, and after extinction of the A excitor used to establish the inhibition to X. They suggest that nature of the inhibition learned in feature negative discriminations depends on the temporal arrangement of stimuli. We favored the possibility that inhibitors established using simultaneous stimulus arrangements modulate behavior by acting on a representation of the unconditioned stimulus, but inhibitors established with serial procedures act on particular conditioned stimulus-unconditioned stimulus associations. 相似文献
72.
It is time to reclaim C.G. Jung’s vision of psychology as the foundational science upon which all sciences and institutions would be based, and as the discipline, theory, and practice necessary for fostering humanity’s overall psychocultural development. Jung identified eight distinct ‘types’ of consciousness through which humankind engages its emerging psychological attitude. Jung’s view of psychological development as hingeing on the differentiation of function-attitudes provides the means for understanding not only ourselves and each other, but our society as well. This paper offers an example of such an analysis by focusing on the current conflict within American political culture. The goal is as lofty as it is necessary: the operationalization of Jung’s vision of psychology as the powerful influencer of human cultural evolution that it has the potential to be. The immediate goal is to instigate the first step toward this vision of Jung’s ‘complex psychology’ by stimulating conversations among Jungians about how they can foster that vision, leading them towards taking up roles as ‘citizen therapists’, actively involved in their communities in cultivating greater empathy and the withdrawal of projections in the interest of furthering ‘collective consciousness’. 相似文献
73.
This study aimed at estimating the correlation between true scores (true consistency) of vocational interest over a short time span in a sample of 1089 adults. Participants were administered 54 items assessing vocational, family, and leisure interests twice over a 1-month period. Responses were analyzed with a multitrait (MT) model, which supposes no temporal change, and a latent change (LC) model with temporally stable method effects. The LC model fitted the data well in 75% of cases whereas the MT never held. Error measurement is not sufficient in explaining the imperfect test-retest manifest correlations. True consistency estimates were very high with an average of .87, suggesting that although true temporal change occurs even within short periods its magnitude is rather limited. 相似文献
74.
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76.
Heubeck BG 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2000,28(5):439-450
The study asked how well Achenbach's 8-factor cross-informant model for the Child Behavior Checklist (Achenbach, 1991a, 1991b, 1991c) fits clinic data in the USA, Holland, and Australia. DeGroot et al.'s Dutch 8-factor model (DeGroot, Koot, & Verhulst 1994) was also tested for its cross-cultural generalizability. Achenbach's matched clinical sample data (N = 2110) were analyzed and contrasted with the previously reported Dutch findings (N = 2335), as well as a new data set collected on clinic referred children and adolescents in Australia (N = 2237). Confirmatory factor analyses supported the Dutch as much as the American model in the USA, Holland, and Australia. Although about 90% of items showed convergent validity across models and countries, the attention and especially the social problems factor found least support. Most double loadings in the current models were not upheld. Instead, additional analyses discovered a number of unmodelled loadings including many cross-loadings. This led to the redefinition of the social problems factor as a mean aggression factor (with associated social problems) whereas the original aggression factor focuses on emotional acting out and the delinquent factor describes an evasive, covert type of antisocial behavior. Overall most support was obtained for the withdrawn, somatic, anxious/depressed, thought problems, and aggressive factors. 相似文献
77.
Flooding (in the imagination and in vivo) and successive approximation were compared in a cross-over design with 14 agoraphobic patients. Assessments were made at the beginning of the treatment, at the cross-over, at the end of the treatment and at the follow-up 3 months later.The assessments were made by the therapist (in vivo measurement) and by the client (phobic anxiety scale; phobic avoidance scale; FSS; MAS; I-E scale and a depression inventory). At the time of the pre-test and the posttest, an independent external judge scored the clients on the following items : anxious mood, specific phobias, obsessive compulsive symptoms, depersonalization and depressed mood.Both methods of treatment resulted in a significant improvement on the in vivo measurements, phobic anxiety scale, phobic avoidance scale and FSS.Successive approximation also led to a significant decrease on the MAS and the I-E scale. The only significant difference between the two methods was shown by the phobic anxiety scale, the mean of the flooding group being significantly higher. 相似文献
78.
John J. Shaughnessy 《Journal of research in personality》1979,13(4):505-514
As part of the regular classroom testing procedure, undergraduate students in an introductory psychology course were asked to provide confidence judgments along with their answers to multiple-choice test items. The two objectives of the study were to determine the extent of students' confidence-judgment accuracy and the degree of relationship of this memory-monitoring ability to overall test performance. The results showed that even the students having the poorest test performance showed some confidence-judgment accuracy, and, more importantly, there was a strong positive relationship between confidence-judgment accuracy and test performance, r(43) = .49. Thus, students who know more also are better able to distinguish between known and unknown information. 相似文献
79.
Aimé Agnel 《The Journal of analytical psychology》1999,44(3):293-308
To classify the contents of the collective unconsciousness which he had just discovered, Jung made use of typology. Later, beginning in the 1940s, he adopted the concept of archetypal field (relational and energetic), emphasizing the dynamic of opposites. Drawing inspiration from the field concept, the author shows the active role taken in the transference relationship by the opposites 'strange' and 'familiar'– defined as antinomic values – and studies the therapeutic conditions for a transition from one pole to the other, in neurotic and borderline cases. The clinical examples are drawn from Théodore Flournoy's book, Des Indes à la planète Mars (From India to the Planet Mars) , and two films, Theorem by Pasolini and Hiroshima mon amour by Alain Renais and Marguerite Duras. 相似文献
80.
Antoine C. Braet 《Argumentation》2004,18(1):127-148
The Rhetoric to Alexander (about 340 B.C.) contains a list of proofs (pisteis) and other types of argumentation which may be seen as the oldest surviving typology of argumentation schemes (avant la lettre). In the present article this typology is derived and compared with modern proposals. The conclusion is that the oldest typology is surprisingly similar to the most recent classifications. 相似文献