Examining children in English High Courts with and without implementation of reforms authorized in Section 28 of the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act

This study examined whether the implementation of Section 28 of the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act (1999) improved lawyers' questioning strategies when examining child witnesses in England. The government's Section 28 pilot study involved judges holding Ground Rules Hearings, during which restrictions and limitations were placed on the duration, content, and manner of questions to be asked. Afterwards, children's cross‐examinations were pre‐recorded and later played as part of their evidence at trial. The current study compared cases involving 6‐ to 15‐year‐old alleged victims of sexual abuse in which Section 28 was (n = 43) and was not (n = 44) implemented. Defence lawyers in Section 28 cases asked significantly fewer suggestive questions and more option‐posing questions than defence lawyers in Nonsection 28 cases. Younger children complied more with defence lawyers' suggestive questions. Ground Rules Hearings improved lawyers' questioning strategies, regardless of the case's involvement in the Section 28 pilot study.     

Old Foundations for the Logic of Agency and Action

The paper presents an infinite hierarchy of sound and complete axiomatic systems for Two-Dimensional Modal Tense Logic with Historical Necessity, Agents and Acts. A main novelty of these logics is their capacity to represent formally (i) basic action-sentences asserting that such and such an act is performed/omitted by an agent, as well as (ii) causative action-sentences asserting that by performing/omitting a certain act, an agent causes that such and such a state-of-affairs is realized (e.g. comes about/ceases/remains/remains absent). We illustrate how the formal machinery of our systems can be used to reconstruct a number of interesting ideas in the Logic of Agency and Action that have been proposed by authors like von Wright, von Kutschera, Belnap and Segerberg.     

传统中国历史思想中的"时间"与"超时间"概念

在中国文化中,“时间”铭记刻画了人所身处之境况、时势的脉动以及历史中的个人的种种表现,绝非只是对自然事件的机械式载录而已。在传统中国历史思维之中,以永恒典律(如“道”、“理”)或不朽范型(如尧、舜、三代)为标竿,而尝试去存留、体现的实践过程,构成了中国历史上各个时代的具体内容。在中国传统文化中,生命的意义与价值在于领悟历史上存在过的典范,并将这些典范接引、召唤至人们所生存的时代,也因此中国文化中的“时间”概念寓涵了某种的“超时间”特质：中国人对过往历史的学习,其实只是掌握“超时间”的基点,其究极目的在于将典律范型落实于当代时空之中。中国人所认知的“时间”概念与人文关怀紧密相系;历史上的“时代”就是“时间”的会串、整合与界分;所谓“超时间”乃是从各时代中提炼出的典律范型;而经由人们的描摹叙述,“时间”会经由口语及交书而被转化成“历史”。抽象的“超时间”概念实取自“时间”,俯瞰着“时间”的流转,并且贯穿了整部“历史”的发展。本文先论述中国人文主义具有强烈的“天人合一”特质,表现出明显的社会政治取向,一切思想都落实到当下即是的人生与现实。人与自然、超自然的关系在传统中国仍被统纳入“人事”的范畴。本文第一节论证中国史学体现：中国历史意识中,“时间”与“超时间”有其错综复杂的关系：“时间”将确切发生的一桩桩事件织结成全幅的网络,而“超时间”是从网络中凝塑出来的中心意义。第二节论证“时间”如何汇淬成“超时间”,而第三节分析“超时间”必须以“时间”为基础始可形成,最后一节则对中国历史思维的特质作进一步的探讨。     

论司马迁对《周易》的范式践履

司马迁是熟谙《周易》的,这不仅体现在具体的著述行文上,更深层次的是,无论其创作动力、著史宗旨还是史著构架无不深受易理的影响。“发愤著书”所涵寓的奋斗精神、使命感、忧患意识等理性内核实皆本之于《周易》高扬的“自强不息”、“致命遂志”、“居安思患”等精义;“究天人之际,通古今之变,成一家之言”的创作宗旨则是对《周易》作为巫、史、子文化集成典范的自觉践履;《史记》的著述构架更是深受《周易》宇宙生成图式、筮仪范式、“三才”学说及类属意识之浸润。     

Oral Examination Anxiety in Physicians, Narcissism, and Object Relations

By applying object relations theory, both examiners and candidates can increase understanding of examination anxiety in oral certification in order to enhance the fairness and validity of the examinations. Unconscious images of self and others which examiners and candidates may project onto each other can affect the examination. The examiner must observe himself, the candidate, and the other examiner, lest a transference affecting the examination's progress occur, and to avoid an enactment, which may interfere with the examination. This observing should appropriately support the candidate in functioning at an optimal level of competence. Unconscious processes may prejudice the examiner's attitude towards a candidate, thus jeopardizing the examination's fairness and validity. The candidate's anxiety, based on projections onto the examiners, may interfere with his/her optimal functioning and affect the outcome. If a candidate's anticipatory anxiety is excessive, he/she needs to decide if it needs to be managed on a symptomatic or psychotherapeutic basis. Candidate and examiner both need to monitor their feelings during the examination in order to optimise the examination's fairness and validity. All these issues may also be considered in the relationship between psychiatric educators and trainees.     

Three decades of Cognition & Emotion: A brief review of past highlights and future prospects

Over the past three decades, Cognition & Emotion has been one of the world’s leading outlets for emotion research. In this article, we review past highlights of and future prospects for the journal. Our tour of history covers three periods: The first period, from 1987 to 1999, was a pioneering era in which cognitive theories began to be applied to the scientific analysis of emotion. The second period, from 2000 to 2007, was characterised by a sharp increase in the number of empirical research papers, a lot of which were concerned with automatic processing biases and their implications for clinical psychology. During the third period, from 2008 to 2017, a new focus emerged on self-regulatory processes and their implications for emotion. We then turn to the present profile of Cognition & Emotion and introduce our new editorial team. Finally, we consider how the journal’s future success can be continued and increased by a) providing authors with fast and high-quality feedback; b) offering attractive publication formats, including the newly introduced Registered Reports for pre-registered studies; and c) consolidating key methodological paradigms with reproducible findings.     

Dental pain related to quality of life and mental health in South Korean adults

High levels of stress, anxiety and depression have been reported in patients with orofacial pain. Dental pain has the potential to reduce quality of life (QOL), and pain relief is important aspect of QOL. The purpose of this study was to assess the relationships of dental pain with QOL and mental health using a nationally representative, population-based study. This study analyzed data from the 2012 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (N = 5469). Oral health status was assessed using the oral health questionnaire, and oral examination was performed by trained dentists. Health-related QOL (HRQOL) was evaluated using EQ-5D and EQ-VAS, and mental health was evaluated by questionnaires. Logistic regression was applied to estimate adjusted odds ratios (AOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Among 5469 adults, 1992 (36.42%) presented self-reported dental pain. Participants with anxiety/depression or pain/discomfort, and participants with stress, melancholy, suicidal thought or depression showed significantly higher prevalence of dental pain. After adjusting for covariates, five aspects of QOL and five aspects of mental health were related with dental pain. The AORs (95% CI) for dental pain were 1.39 (1.06–1.81) for mobility, 1.77 (1.19–2.63) for self-care, 1.38 (1.02–1.85) for usual activities, 1.73 (1.43–2.09) for pain/discomfort and 1.50 (1.13–1.98) for anxiety/depression. For mental health status factors, the AORs (95% CI) for dental pain were 1.29 (1.11–1.51) for stress, 1.37 (1.09–1.74) for melancholy, 1.26 (1.01–1.58) for suicidal thoughts, 1.43 (.93–2.19) for consultation to psychiatrist and 1.53 (1.07–2.19) for depression. This study showed that dental pain has an association with lower HRQOL and worse mental health status in South Korean adults.     

德国古典哲学以来的经济伦理思想及其对马克思的影响

马克思经济伦理思想不仅深受英、法古典经济学的影响,也受到德国古典哲学、历史学派以及青年黑格尔派思想的影响,诸如经济伦理的视角、方法以及劳动、异化、拜物教等问题,马克思都对其有着分析、批判与继承。     

高中生考试焦虑的团体辅导干预研究

通过对高一、高二学生被试实验组13人进行为期一周的考试焦虑团体辅导、控制组14人进行一般性团体辅导,探讨团体辅导对高中生考试焦虑水平的改善作用。结果表明,经过干预训练后,实验组被试的考试焦虑水平显著低于控制组被试、对考试重要性的认识显著优于控制组被试,但在考试策略上不存在显著差异。这意味着考试焦虑的团体辅导干预能有效地降低考试焦虑水平、提升对考试重要性的合理认识程度。     

The development of the political philosophy of Merleau-Ponty

This article follows the development of Merleau-Ponty’s political philosophy from his 1947 text, Humanism and Terror, through a number of essays in the Adventures of the Dialectic, to the Preface to Signs published in 1959. It shows the process by which Merleau-Ponty escaped the “grip of marxism” as a philosophy of history. It notes the link between his philosophy of history and the concrete historical events of his times, particularly the Russian Revolution and its degeneration into Stalinism. It suggests a certain analogy between Merleau-Ponty’s reflection on the October Revolution and Kant’s reflection on the French Revolution. The notion of the universal class of the proletariat is the guiding thread in the analyses of both Merleau-Ponty’s proximity to marxism and the process by which he frees himself from its grip. We observe the role that this concept plays in Humanism and Terror and in the essays on Weber and Lukacs in the Adventure of the Dialectic where we eventually see its dissolution. It is argued that Merleau-Ponty arrives at a new conception of historical meaning which is neither totalizing or empiricist. The paper concludes by presenting an outline of the direction that his philosophy of history took after he extricated himself from marxism. This new philosophy took the form of a critical reflection on the role of the “notion of the hero” in 20th century political philosophy in general, particularly in Heidegger and Sartre.