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171.
Abstract. The idea of a text is reviewed and reconstructed to facilitate the application of concepts of interpretation to the objects analyzed in the natural sciences, as well as to objects analyzed in religion and literature. Four criteria—-readability, formality, material transcendence, and retrievability—-are proposed as the basis for a generalized conception of text. Objects in both religion and science, not previously thought to be texts, are shown to be included in the new definition and therefore to be potential subjects of developing methods of interpretation. 相似文献
172.
Kelemen D 《Trends in cognitive sciences》1999,3(12):2321-468
A fundamental aspect of adult thought is the 'teleological' tendency to assume that objects exist for a purpose. When seeing an unfamiliar artifact or strange anatomical part on an animal, the first question an adult will usually ask is 'what's that for?' - a query that assumes that the object can be teleologically explained in terms of its function. Current debate focuses on the origin and scope of teleological thought, and its role in children's emerging theories of the biological world. The bias to view objects as 'designed for a purpose' probably derives from children's privileged understanding of intentional behavior and artifacts. This makes children prone to a 'promiscuous teleology' in which artifacts and natural objects of all types are viewed as existing for a function. Because of this, I argue that we should be cautious about taking the existence of an early teleological bias as evidence that there is biological understanding that exists independently of a psychological construal of living things. 相似文献
173.
Humans have the ability to chunk together information from nonadjacent serial positions in sequential patterns. For example,
human subjects can extrapolate the pattern, A-M-B-N-C-O-D-P-E-..., to find the missing element, Q, by sorting pattern elements
into two component interleaved subpatterns: A-B-C-D-E and M-N-O-P-... Two experiments investigated the ability of rats to
reorganize pattern elements from nonadjacent serial positions into chunks not presented by the experimenter. Rats learned
either a structured or unstructured sequence interleaved with elements of a repeating sequence (experiment 1) or an alternation
sequence (experiment 2). In both experiments, rats learned the interleaved subpatterns at different rates. Acquisition rate
was correlated with the structural properties of component subpatterns and the nature of the rules required to describe the
interleaved subpatterns. The results indicate that rats are sensitive to the organization of nonadjacent elements in serial
patterns and that they can detect and sort structural relationships in interleaved patterns.
Received: 7 September 1998 / Accepted after revision: 27 January 1999 相似文献
174.
Henk A. L. Kiers 《Psychometrika》1991,56(2):197-212
Several methods have been developed for the analysis of a mixture of qualitative and quantitative variables, and one, called PCAMIX, includes ordinary principal component analysis (PCA) and multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) as special cases. The present paper proposes several techniques for simple structure rotation of a PCAMIX solution based on the rotation of component scores and indicates how these can be viewed as generalizations of the simple structure methods for PCA. In addition, a recently developed technique for the analysis of mixtures of qualitative and quantitative variables, called INDOMIX, is shown to construct component scores (without rotational freedom) maximizing the quartimax criterion over all possible sets of component scores. A numerical example is used to illustrate the implication that when used for qualitative variables, INDOMIX provides axes that discriminate between the observation units better than do those generated from MCA.The Netherlands organization for scientific research (NWO) is gratefully acknowledged for funding this project. This research was conducted while the author was supported by a PSYCHON-grant (560-267-011) from this organization. The author is obliged to Jos ten Berge for his comments on an earlier version. 相似文献
175.
Richard Busse 《Zygon》1998,33(1):131-145
Historian James Gilbert argues that the dialogue between science and religion is an important dynamic in the creation of contemporary American culture. He traces the dialogue not only in the confines of the academic world but also in popular culture. The science-religion dialogue reveals a basic tension between the material and the spiritual that helps define the core of the American psyche: fascination with material progress yet commitment to traditional religious beliefs. Gilbert's cultural narrative traces the dialogue in a unique way because of the attention given to popular renditions of science and religion in evangelical films used by the military, in televised science programs, in science-fiction literature, and at the Seattle World's Fair in 1962. Gilbert suggests that the discussion between science and religion is significant because it is part of the process of creating new cultural structures necessitated by social, scientific, and technological developments. The tensions between religiously informed commonsense science and professional science work to create new cultural forms in a democratic society. Religion and science in dialogue are part of the process of cultural creation. Dogmatism on the part of either scientists or religionists is countered by the democratic process itself. 相似文献
176.
Newly hatched chicks (Gallus gallus) were imprinted on a display consisting of two rod pieces that moved above and below a central occluder. On test trials, the chicks approached a complete rod in preference to two rod pieces. This finding, supported by those from control coditions, suggests that chicks, soon after hatching, perceive object unity. The results are compared with those from human infants. 相似文献
177.
Concerns about road safety are at the forefront of discussions given the recent legalization of cannabis in many areas. Some studies have demonstrated that the frequency of cannabis use is a significant predictor of risky driving among young drivers. However, it is difficult to isolate the specific contribution of substance use from the influence of certain individual personality traits such impulsivity. Indeed, impulsivity traits (i.e., positive urgency, negative urgency, lack of premeditation, lack of perseverance, sensation seeking) are also correlated with risky driving. The present study examined the effect of the frequency of cannabis use on risky driving while taking into account the effect of five impulsivity traits. A community sample of 209 young drivers (aged 17–25 years) completed self-report questionnaires about their road behaviors, their cannabis use, and their impulsivity traits. The results showed that the frequency of cannabis use was significantly associated with risky driving beyond the five impulsivity traits measured. Positive urgency was the only impulsivity trait that remained significantly associated with risky driving once all covariates were entered into the model. Moreover, the frequency of cannabis use acted as a mediator in the relationship between sensation seeking and risky driving. 相似文献
178.
The purpose of the study was to identify the cognitive subtypes demonstrated by children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) using the Planning-Attention-Simultaneous-Successive Processing (PASS) theory and the Cognitive Assessment System (D-N CAS). Participants were 108 children aged 5- and 6-years old, 54 with DCD and 54 without DCD, all attending typical kindergartens. They were examined on 31 cognitive-motor variables. Hierarchical-agglomerative and iterative partitioning cluster analyses including 9 motor and 7 cognitive variables revealed the following six subtypes:
- oC1 = children at risk (having considerable difficulty with jumping and minor difficulty with manual dexterity and simultaneous coding);
- oC2 = children on the mean (all cognitive-motor scores close to the mean);
- oC3 = free from cognitive-motor problems (all scores above average);
- oC4 = manual dexterity, planning and simultaneous coding difficulties;
- oC5 = manual dexterity, dynamic balance, and planning difficulties;
- oC6 = generalized cognitive-motor dysfunction (all scores considerably below average).
179.
Research shows that driver factors, particularly driver distraction, are the most common cause of traffic accidents. Among various visual distractions, objects such as advertisements that are commonly prevailing elements at the roadside, represent an important external distractor that may affect driving performance. Research findings on the influence that roadside signs or advertisements have on driver’s attention focus are not consistent. Therefore, with the application of eye-tracking technology, this research was designed to test several assumptions regarding drivers’ detection and perception of roadside elements. Seventeen volunteer participants, 19–76 years old, performed ten kilometres of urban driving, in which they were visually challenged with 56 traffic signs and 31 advertisements. It was found that drivers’ age is not associated with the number of roadside objects detected. Those drivers who detected more traffic signs were also more attentive to visual advertisements. Furthermore, a positive and large effect size between the number of detected street-level and raised-level advertisements was also found. 相似文献
180.
If one formulates Helmholtz’s ideas about perception in terms of modern-day theories one arrives at a model of perceptual
inference and learning that can explain a remarkable range of neurobiological facts. Using constructs from statistical physics
it can be shown that the problems of inferring what cause our sensory inputs and learning causal regularities in the sensorium
can be resolved using exactly the same principles. Furthermore, inference and learning can proceed in a biologically plausible
fashion. The ensuing scheme rests on Empirical Bayes and hierarchical models of how sensory information is generated. The
use of hierarchical models enables the brain to construct prior expectations in a dynamic and context-sensitive fashion. This
scheme provides a principled way to understand many aspects of the brain’s organisation and responses. In this paper, we suggest
that these perceptual processes are just one emergent property of systems that conform to a free-energy principle. The free-energy
considered here represents a bound on the surprise inherent in any exchange with the environment, under expectations encoded
by its state or configuration. A system can minimise free-energy by changing its configuration to change the way it samples
the environment, or to change its expectations. These changes correspond to action and perception, respectively, and lead
to an adaptive exchange with the environment that is characteristic of biological systems. This treatment implies that the
system’s state and structure encode an implicit and probabilistic model of the environment. We will look at models entailed
by the brain and how minimisation of free-energy can explain its dynamics and structure. 相似文献