运动轨迹和方向对视觉空间关系加工的影响

视觉空间关系分为类别与数量两种表征。研究通过控制起参照作用的运动客体消失状态与定位客体出现时间,分析客体运动信息对两种关系判断的影响。结果发现:运动信息在各间隔时间对类别任务影响呈序列排列,运动方向较轨迹信息有优势,轨迹较法线信息有优势;数量表征仅在0ms间隔受运动方向促进,在其他间隔下,三种位置上的判断均无差异。结果表明运动客体类别表征比数量表征更持久;且相对类别表征,数量判断作为精确距离表征不易受运动方向和轨迹信息影响。     

面孔参照或观察者参照：性别二态线索、面孔吸引力与表情对正视面孔偏好的影响

本研究探讨了性别二态线索、面孔吸引力和表情对正视面孔偏好的影响。实验1基于面孔参照,被试普遍偏好正视面孔;相对男性化/厌恶和生气/低吸引力的面孔,被试更偏好女性化/高兴和中性/高吸引力的正视面孔;实验2基于观察者参照,总体并未表现出正视偏好;对低吸引力/中性表情/男性化面孔更偏好斜视面孔。     

光照的警觉性作用

光照除了传统的视觉作用外, 还具有一定的非视觉效应, 包括调节昼夜节律、褪黑素分泌和警觉性等生理功能和行为表现。随着光照对生理节律影响研究的不断深入, 近来很多学者开始关注光照的警觉性作用。我们根据最新研究进展总结了：(1)警觉性的测量工具; (2)光照强度、时长、时间点、波长、色温等对光照警觉性作用的影响; (3)光照在治疗情绪障碍、调节生理节律、完善办公照明方面的应用; (4)提出了继续探讨光照警觉性作用的神经机制、优化参数特征和探讨混淆变量的研究方向。     

Emotional attention: effects of emotion and gaze direction on overt orienting of visual attention

In the present study we considered the two factors that have been advocated for playing a role in emotional attention: perception of gaze direction and facial expression of emotions. Participants performed an oculomotor task in which they had to make a saccade towards one of the two lateral targets, depending on the colour of the fixation dot which appeared at the centre of the computer screen. At different time intervals (stimulus onset asynchronies, SOAs: 50,100,150 ms) following the onset of the dot, a picture of a human face (gazing either to the right or to the left) was presented at the centre of the screen. The gaze direction of the face could be congruent or incongruent with respect to the location of the target, and the expression could be neutral or angry. In Experiment 1 the facial expressions were presented randomly in a single block, whereas in Experiment 2 they were shown in separate blocks. Latencies for correct saccades and percentage of errors (saccade direction errors) were considered in the analyses. Results showed that incongruent trials determined a significantly higher percentage of saccade direction errors with respect to congruent trials, thus confirming that gaze direction, even when task-irrelevant, interferes with the accuracy of the observer’s oculomotor behaviour. The angry expression was found to hold attention for a longer time with respect to the neutral one, producing delayed saccade latencies. This was particularly evident at 100 ms SOA and for incongruent trials. Emotional faces may then exert a modulatory effect on overt attention mechanisms.     

多参照系条件下信息获取方式对绝对方位判断的影响

把参照系整合基础上的绝对方位判断分解成路径获取过程（目标位置信息）、自身定向过程（前行方向信息）和物体定位过程（目标物体相对于参照物体的方位信息）,系统地考察了多参照系条件下信息获取方式对该任务的影响。研究以视觉形式呈现空间信息,实验1a和1b的任务中均包括上述三个过程,前者以地图的形式呈现前行方向信息、后者以语词的形式直接呈现前行方向信息;实验2有两个任务,分别独立于路径描述（定位后判断）和自身定位（定向后判断）。所有任务均为目标位置（R0o－前、R45o－左前/右前、R90o－左/右、R135o－左后/右后, R180o－后）×前行方向（北、东南西、斜方向）的组内设计、因变量为正确率和判断时间为主,共有64名大学生被试（男女各半）参与实验。发现：0o和180o位置优势效应、朝北优势效应在所有任务中都很明显;实验1和定向后判断任务中存在正方向R90o位置优势效实;定位后判断时间短于定向后判断时间,但总体所用时间上没有差异。结合信息获取的方式和可能使用到的判断策略,从绝对方位判断的认知结构上展开了讨论。     

Satir Model of Family Therapy and Spiritual Direction

To consider a connection between the therapy model named under Virginia Satir and the practice of spiritual direction may arouse suspicion. This paper, however, attempts to show that the link between the two is natural, sensible, and inspiring, particularly for the part of spiritual direction. The first section of the paper first addresses the fact that spiritual direction, with its unique focus, is not to be confused with psychotherapy, then, discusses the recognized need to seek a psychologically sound model of spiritual direction. The second section describes some of the useful concepts in the Satir model and then relates them to the various aspects of spiritual direction. It is believed that the Satir model of therapy can enrich the practice of spiritual direction in a number of ways. Ekman P. C. Tam is the Spiritual Director of Tao Fong Shan Christian Centre, Hong Kong.     

头颈部鳞状细胞癌治疗方法选择中的理性分析

近年来肿瘤生物治疗已经发展成为继手术、放疗和化疗之后的第四种治疗方法,并且已被逐步应用于头颈部鳞状细胞癌的治疗中。因此,如何选择合适的治疗方法、制定最佳治疗方案成为临床工作的重点。通过辩证性、系统性分析,可以认为优化组合的综合治疗有望成为头颈部鳞状细胞癌的主导治疗方法。     

客体运动方向的视觉工作记忆容量

记忆动态场景中多客体的特征和时空信息是人类重要的认知活动。目前有关视觉工作记忆的研究虽然广泛探讨了对视觉信息的存储容量及机制,然而所采用的刺激材料均呈现于静态场景中,且不包含运动信息。而有关多客体追踪的研究只关注动态场景中多客体信息的实时更新,而不涉及一段时间内对客体信息的保持。本研究结合视觉工作记忆领域的变化觉察范式和多客体追踪范式,以独立运动的客体为刺激材料,探讨多个客体的运动方向信息在工作记忆中的存储容量问题。结果表明,在工作记忆中能够存储大约3个客体的运动方向信息。     

A molar view of goal direction and habit

When we treat behavior within an evolutionary framework and as temporally extended flow, two fundamental questions arise: (a) What is an organism? and (b) What is behavior? An organism is a process that stays intact by constantly exchanging energy with the environment. It takes in resources and puts out waste. The behavior of an organism consists of those process parts of the organism process that make up the exchange. These activities serve the function of reproducing, which generally depends on surviving. Surviving and reproducing depend on responding to phylogenetically important events (PIEs). A PIE induces activities that enhance or mitigate the PIE. Organisms respond not only to a PIE but also to events that covary with the PIE. Both activities and environmental features may covary with a PIE. When either type of covariance is introduced to an organism, behavior adapts over time. The early stages of adaptation constitute what researchers call “goal direction,” and the later stages constitute what researchers call “habit.” Behavior and environment constitute a dynamic system, and manipulations of the covariances and environmental features of the system allow many experimental interventions. This molar approach allows experiments on goal direction and habit to be understood without appeal to everyday mentalistic terms.     

5~6岁儿童传递推理能力的发展特点

通过有效的实验设计,在控制儿童记忆容量影响的前提下,考察了5~6岁儿童在长度传递推理和重量传递推理能力上的发展水平。结果表明:(1)5~6岁是儿童传递推理能力迅速发展的时期。在大概6岁左右,大多数儿童已经能够进行真正意义上的传递推理。(2)此年龄儿童在长度传递推理和重量传递推理能力上不具有显著差异。(3)条件排列的一致与不一致对于被试的推理成绩并不具有显著影响。