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181.
Marc J. M. H. Delsing Tom F. M. ter Bogt Rutger C. M. E. Engels Wim H. J. Meeus 《欧洲人格杂志》2008,22(2):109-130
The present paper examined the structure of Dutch adolescents' music preferences, the stability of music preferences and the relations between Big‐Five personality characteristics and (changes in) music preferences. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of music‐preference data from 2334 adolescents aged 12–19 revealed four clearly interpretable music‐preference dimensions: Rock, Elite, Urban and Pop/Dance. One thousand and forty‐four randomly selected adolescents from the original sample filled out questionnaires on music preferences and personality at three follow‐up measurements. In addition to being relatively stable over 1, 2 and 3‐year intervals, music preferences were found to be consistently related to personality characteristics, generally confirming prior research in the United States. Personality characteristics were also found to predict changes in music preferences over a 3‐year interval. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
182.
The present study examines both the unique and the combined role of best friends' delinquency and perceived friendship quality in the development of adolescent delinquency. Questionnaire data were gathered from 435 Dutch adolescent best friends (mean age at first wave = 12.97) over a period of 5 years with annual assessments. Results showed that mean levels of delinquency and perceived friendship quality increased over time. Adolescent best friends were highly similar in both mean levels and changes in delinquency over time. For boys, similarity in mean level delinquency between best friends was higher than for girls. In addition, only for boys, friends' delinquency is associated with increases in adolescent delinquency over time, and adolescents' delinquency is associated with increases in friends' delinquency over time. No bidirectional longitudinal associations were found between perceived friendship quality and adolescent delinquency. No interaction effects between friendship quality and friends' delinquency on adolescent delinquency were found. Thus, findings were more in support of the differential association theory than of the social control theory. 相似文献
183.
Karriker-Jaffe KJ Foshee VA Ennett ST Suchindran C 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2008,36(8):1227-1236
To describe trajectories of aggressive behaviors for adolescents living in rural areas, we compared the patterns, timing and
sex differences in development of physical and social aggression using five waves of data collected from youth in school surveys
administered over 2.5 years. The sample (N = 5,151) was 50.0% female, 52.1% Caucasian and 38.2% African-American. Multilevel growth curve models showed that physical
and social aggression followed curvilinear trajectories from ages 11 to 18, with increases in each type of aggression followed
by subsequent declines. Physical aggression peaked around age 15; social aggression peaked around age 14. Boys consistently
perpetrated more physical aggression than girls, but the trajectories were parallel. There were no sex differences in the
perpetration of social aggression. Given the characteristics of the developmental trajectories observed, interventions with
both boys and girls targeting physically and socially aggressive behaviors are needed in early adolescence to slow the development
of aggression. 相似文献
184.
Ulrich Orth Matthias Berking Nadine Walker Laurenz L. Meier Hansjörg Znoj 《Journal of research in personality》2008
Forgiveness is often assumed to be adaptive for psychological adjustment following interpersonal transgressions. Three hundred and forty seven individuals who had experienced a recent interpersonal transgression were surveyed on four occasions over the course of six weeks. Forgiveness was assessed with scales measuring interpersonal avoidance and revenge motivation and psychological adjustment was assessed with scales measuring depression and rumination. Latent growth curve analyses showed that intraindividual changes in forgiveness were positively correlated with changes in adjustment. Latent difference score analyses indicated that adjustment predicted subsequent change in forgiveness, but that forgiveness did not predict subsequent change in adjustment. The results suggest that adjustment facilitates forgiveness, but not that forgiveness facilitates adjustment. 相似文献
185.
A mathematical model is described based on the first order system transfer function in the form Y=B3∗exp(−B2∗(X−1))+B4∗(1−exp(−B2∗(X−1))), where X is the learning session number; Y is the quantity of errors, B2 is the learning rate, B3 is resistance to learning and B4 is ability to learn. The model is tested in a light-dark discrimination learning task in a 3-arm radial maze using Wistar and albino rats. The model provided good fits of experimental data under acquisition and reacquisition, and was able to detect strain differences among Wistar and albino rats. The model was compared to Rescorla-Wagner, and was found to be mutually complementary. Comparisons with Tulving’s logarithmic function and Valentine’s hyperbola and the arc cotangent functions are also provided. Our model is valid for fitting averaged group data, if averaging is applied to a subgroup of subjects possessing individual learning curves of an exponential shape. 相似文献
186.
We investigated the effects of grade retention in first grade on the growth of the Woodcock-Johnson broad mathematics and reading scores over three years using linear growth curve modeling on an academically at-risk sample. A large sample (n = 784) of first grade children who were at risk for retention was initially identified based on low literacy scores. Scores representing propensity for retention were constructed based on 72 variables collected in comprehensive baseline testing in first grade. We closely matched 97 pairs of retained and promoted children based on their propensity scores using optimal matching procedures. This procedure adjusted for baseline differences between the retained and promoted children. We found that grade retention decreased the growth rate of mathematical skills but had no significant effect on reading skills. In addition, several potential moderators of the effect of retention on growth of mathematical and reading skills were identified including limited English language proficiency and children's conduct problems. 相似文献
187.
J. J McDowell Marcia L. Caron Saule Kulubekova John P. Berg 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》2008,90(3):387-403
Virtual organisms animated by a computational theory of selection by consequences responded on symmetrical and asymmetrical concurrent schedules of reinforcement. The theory instantiated Darwinian principles of selection, reproduction, and mutation such that a population of potential behaviors evolved under the selection pressure exerted by reinforcement from the environment. The virtual organisms' steady‐state behavior was well described by the power function matching equation, and the parameters of the equation behaved in ways that were consistent with findings from experiments with live organisms. Together with previous research on single‐alternative schedules (McDowell, 2004; McDowell & Caron, 2007) these results indicate that the equations of matching theory are emergent properties of the evolutionary dynamics of selection by consequences. 相似文献
188.
This study investigated high school students’ process of choosing a study in higher education, using a longitudinal design. A sample of 535 adolescents participated at the beginning, middle, and end of Grade 12. Latent curve modeling revealed evidence for a mean developmental increase in the career decisional tasks of orientation, exploration, decisional status, and commitment. In general, the growth trajectories were in line with theoretical models in which orientation and broad exploration are important at the beginning of the career decision-making process whereas in-depth exploration and decisional status are considered important later on. Furthermore, the results showed substantial variability between adolescents in their initial levels of career decisional tasks and in the rate of change. Finally, growth in orientation related to growth in environmental and self-exploration, and growth in environmental exploration related to progress in commitment and decisional status. 相似文献
189.
Judi Mesman Reinoud Stoel Marian J. Bakermans-Kranenburg Marinus H. van IJzendoorn Femmie Juffer Hans M. Koot Lenneke R.A. Alink 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2009,37(5):625-636
Using an accelerated longitudinal design, the development of externalizing problems from age 2 to 5 years was investigated
in relation to maternal psychopathology, maternal parenting, gender, child temperament, and the presence of siblings. The
sample consisted of 150 children selected at age 2–3 years for having high levels of externalizing problems. Parenting was
measured using observational methods, and maternal reports were used for the other variables. Overall, mean levels of externalizing
problems decreased over time, and higher initial levels (intercept) were related to a stronger decrease (negative slope) in
externalizing problems. Results showed that higher levels of maternal psychopathology were related to less decrease in early
childhood externalizing problems. Parental sensitive behavior predicted a stronger decrease in externalizing problems, but
only for children with difficult temperaments. A stronger decrease of externalizing problems in children with older siblings
also pertained only to children with difficult temperaments. Thus, temperamentally difficult children appear to be more susceptible
to environmental influences on the development of externalizing behaviors. Our results indicate that the role of siblings
in early childhood externalizing problems deserves more research attention, and that intervention efforts need to take into
account temperamental differences in children’s susceptibility to environmental influences. 相似文献
190.
Mathiesen KS Sanson A Stoolmiller M Karevold E 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2009,37(2):209-222
Using growth curve modeling, trajectories of undercontrolled (oppositional, irritable, inattentive and overactive behaviors)
and internalizing (worried, sad and fearful) problems from 18 months to 4.5 years were studied in a population based sample
of 921 Norwegian children. At the population level, undercontrolled problems decreased and internalizing problems increased
with increasing age. Child temperament and family factors present at 18 months predicted 43% of the stability and 20% of the
linear changes in undercontrolled problems and 30% of the stability and 7% of the linear changes in internalizing problems.
Persisting effects of child and family factors from 18 month were found on the two problem dimensions over and above the impact
of changes in the same risk factors. Lower initial level of partner support and higher initial level of child emotionality
predicted higher slope of undercontrolled problems and higher initial level of family stress predicted higher slope for internalizing
problems. As expected, time to time change (t1 to t2 and t2 to t3) in risk factors predicted time to time change in problem scores as well. The study shows the significance of early emerging
internalizing and undercontrolled problems, the need to consider their pathways separately from very young ages, lasting effects
of early experiences, and the importance of a dynamic approach to the analysis of risk. 相似文献