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71.
A sixth-grade class investigated the ecologies of two local retention ponds over the course of one school year. In this context, instruction assisted development as students designed models of the pond in one-gallon jars and attempted to stabilize these jars in sustainable ecosystems that could be used to study questions about the ponds. Unintended outcomes (e.g., algal blooms, bacteria colonies) became opportunities to learn how aquatic systems function. Efforts to model aquatic functioning were complemented by weekly research meetings that served as a forum for conjecture and test of relations between evidence and questions. At the end of the year students responded to individual interviews about their understandings of ecology and research design, along with their beliefs about the epistemology of inquiry. Results suggest that participation in carefully crafted, extended investigations transformed students’ views of the goals and purposes of inquiry and of the nature of science. 相似文献
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This article demonstrates the potential of using hierarchical Bayesian methods to relate models and data in the cognitive sciences. This is done using a worked example that considers an existing model of category representation, the Varying Abstraction Model (VAM), which attempts to infer the representations people use from their behavior in category learning tasks. The VAM allows for a wide variety of category representations to be inferred, but this article shows how a hierarchical Bayesian analysis can provide a unifying explanation of the representational possibilities using 2 parameters. One parameter controls the emphasis on abstraction in category representations, and the other controls the emphasis on similarity. Using 30 previously published data sets, this work shows how inferences about these parameters, and about the category representations they generate, can be used to evaluate data in terms of the ongoing exemplar versus prototype and similarity versus rules debates in the literature. Using this concrete example, this article emphasizes the advantages of hierarchical Bayesian models in converting model selection problems to parameter estimation problems, and providing one way of specifying theoretically based priors for competing models. 相似文献
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From an external perspective, cognitive agent behavior can be described by specifying (temporal) correlations of a certain complexity between stimuli (input states) and (re)actions (output states) of the agent. From an internal perspective the agent's dynamics can be characterized by direct (causal) temporal relations between internal and mental states of the agent. The latter type of specifications can be represented in a relatively simple, executable format, which enables different types of analysis of the agent's behavior. In particular, simulations of the agent's behavior under different (environmental) circumstances can be explored. Furthermore, by applying verification techniques, automated analysis of the consequences of the agent's behavior can be carried out. To enable such types of analysis when only given an external behavioral specification, this has to be transformed first into some type of executable format. An automated procedure for such a transformation is proposed in this paper. The application of the transformation procedure is demonstrated for a number of cases, showing examples of the types of analysis as mentioned for different forms of behavior. 相似文献
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Response grouping is a ubiquitous phenomenon in psychological refractory period (PRP) tasks, yet it hampers the analysis of dual-task performance. To account for response grouping, we developed several extended versions of the standard bottleneck model, each of which incorporates a possible grouping mechanism into this model. Computer simulations were used to assess how the predictions of the standard model would change with each grouping mechanism. One set of simulations investigated the basic effects of grouping on the means and intercorrelation of the reaction times in the two tasks, as well as the percentage of trials with short interresponse times (IRTs). A second set of simulations examined whether response grouping would invalidate the use of PRP paradigms for localizing experimental effects. Finally, we investigated whether the post-hoc elimination of trials with short IRTs removes the contaminating effects of response grouping. 相似文献
75.
Generalized Pexider equation on a restricted domain 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Let X be a normed space and D be a nonempty, open and connected subset of X×X. Inspired by a problem of J. Aczél, we study the functional equation
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Judi Mesman Reinoud Stoel Marian J. Bakermans-Kranenburg Marinus H. van IJzendoorn Femmie Juffer Hans M. Koot Lenneke R.A. Alink 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2009,37(5):625-636
Using an accelerated longitudinal design, the development of externalizing problems from age 2 to 5 years was investigated
in relation to maternal psychopathology, maternal parenting, gender, child temperament, and the presence of siblings. The
sample consisted of 150 children selected at age 2–3 years for having high levels of externalizing problems. Parenting was
measured using observational methods, and maternal reports were used for the other variables. Overall, mean levels of externalizing
problems decreased over time, and higher initial levels (intercept) were related to a stronger decrease (negative slope) in
externalizing problems. Results showed that higher levels of maternal psychopathology were related to less decrease in early
childhood externalizing problems. Parental sensitive behavior predicted a stronger decrease in externalizing problems, but
only for children with difficult temperaments. A stronger decrease of externalizing problems in children with older siblings
also pertained only to children with difficult temperaments. Thus, temperamentally difficult children appear to be more susceptible
to environmental influences on the development of externalizing behaviors. Our results indicate that the role of siblings
in early childhood externalizing problems deserves more research attention, and that intervention efforts need to take into
account temperamental differences in children’s susceptibility to environmental influences. 相似文献
78.
Mathiesen KS Sanson A Stoolmiller M Karevold E 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2009,37(2):209-222
Using growth curve modeling, trajectories of undercontrolled (oppositional, irritable, inattentive and overactive behaviors)
and internalizing (worried, sad and fearful) problems from 18 months to 4.5 years were studied in a population based sample
of 921 Norwegian children. At the population level, undercontrolled problems decreased and internalizing problems increased
with increasing age. Child temperament and family factors present at 18 months predicted 43% of the stability and 20% of the
linear changes in undercontrolled problems and 30% of the stability and 7% of the linear changes in internalizing problems.
Persisting effects of child and family factors from 18 month were found on the two problem dimensions over and above the impact
of changes in the same risk factors. Lower initial level of partner support and higher initial level of child emotionality
predicted higher slope of undercontrolled problems and higher initial level of family stress predicted higher slope for internalizing
problems. As expected, time to time change (t1 to t2 and t2 to t3) in risk factors predicted time to time change in problem scores as well. The study shows the significance of early emerging
internalizing and undercontrolled problems, the need to consider their pathways separately from very young ages, lasting effects
of early experiences, and the importance of a dynamic approach to the analysis of risk. 相似文献
79.
“非典(SARS)”应激反应模式及其特征 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
对中国17个省市1016人面对“非典”疫情的应激反应作了调查。“高发病率区”和“其它地区”的比较发现,在SARS应激反应结构方程模型中,二者有显著差异。而在情绪障碍结构方程模型中,二者无显著差异。所建立的SARS应激反应结构方程理论模型揭示,急性的应激反应中,恐慌是最重要的内容,其次是防御反应,对疫情的认知则起了一种重要的调节、抑制的作用。抑郁和焦虑作为一个人心理健康的指数,对急性的应激反应产生一定影响,而抑郁与焦虑对急性应激反应有更大影响。社会支持作为一种缓冲器与调节器,对SARS应激反应有值得注意的影响。研究揭示了高应激反应者的特征。高恐慌者有高抑郁、焦虑和低社会支持的显著特征;高防御者则有显著的高抑郁焦虑的特征,社会支持无差异;高认知者明显地有低抑郁、高社会支持的特征。 相似文献
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