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21.
汉字内隐记忆的实验研究(Ⅱ):任务分离和反应倾向 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
在实验I的基础上,操纵学习时的呈现时间(250ms,500ms,750ms)和注意变量(目标和非目标字),运用任务分离方法及间接证明逻辑,比较了再认测验和整字偏好测验在不同条件下的辨别力(A′)和反应倾向(B″)。结果:(1)双向功能分离的出现表明再认测验和偏好测验存在本质差异。根据“过程纯净”假设,可以推证内隐记忆存在于偏好测验中。此时,匹配比较法的标准未满足。(2)偏好测验中,500ms呈现目标字时,有显著正向启动效应:750ms呈现非目标字时,有显著负向启动效应。(3)内隐记忆和外显记忆发生时,都具有稳定的心理状态。但是前者的报告标准较松宽,而后者的较严格。 相似文献
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内隐记忆研究的实验方法探索:启动效应计量方法的改进思路及其实验研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
以实验鉴定了常规的启动效应计量方法的有效性程度,并为客观地计量启动效应,创用了“超意识广度法”、“二次比较法”等.结果发现:(1)如被试数量较少,以不同补笔率为“基线值”所求得的启动效应之间发生显著差异的可能性存在;(2)超意识广度法能克服“阈下呈现刺激法”“分散注意法”的不足,为内隐记忆提供有利的识记情境;(3)“二次比较法”能为正常人内隐记忆的存在提供更为直接、可靠的证据,并能客观、精确地计量启动效应。 相似文献
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设计三种情境考察被试的推理情况,并试图揭示儿童是怎样进行传递性关系推理的。结果显示:(1)3—6岁儿童具有进行传递性关系推理能力;(2)造成我国3—6岁儿童作传递性关系推理失败的原因有二:一是错误理解比较句式,二是没有记住前提;(3)3—6岁儿童进行传递性关系推理的内部过程不同:小年龄段被试多采用“局部加工模式”,大龄段被试多采用“整体空间加工模式”。 相似文献
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该研究采用实验室实验法,被试自我报告分析及调查访问法,以三个年龄(10岁、14岁、18岁)组学生及专项运动员为实验对象,揭示短时动作记忆的容量和精确度及其与动作学习指数的关系。结果表明:(1)被试的短时动作记忆容量为“5±2”,短时动作记忆的容量与动作学习的练习次数相联系;短时动作记忆的精确度与第一次动作练习的准确度相联系。(2)短时动作记忆的容量有随年龄增长而递增的趋势。(3)运动员与非运动员被试对于同类动作学习的练习次数存在显著性差异。 相似文献
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Repetition priming is a mnemonic phenomenon that has attracted considerable attention from neuropsychologists and cognitive scientists. In an attempt at elucidating the putative mechanisms of priming, the present review draws on evidence from both domains. The review is restricted to verbal priming of visually presented stimuli—an area that accounts for the majority of empirical studies of priming. A number of theoretical accounts are presented. The interim conclusion is that neither multiple systems nor unitary system-multiple process theories can adequately explain the data on priming, although both contain many valid components. An integrative model is proposed to improve the explanation of the empirical evidence. The central assertion of the proposed model is that repetition priming depends on perceptual processes that can be mapped on specific neural systems. It is postulated that individual differences in perceptual processing ability predict variability in memory performance. It is proposed that data-driven priming of verbal stimuli critically depends on the activity of primary and secondary visual cortices in the right hemisphere, whereas conceptually-driven priming is hypothesized to rely on the activities of higher order tertiary association cortices in language areas and more anterior neocortical areas. 相似文献
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Abstract: Do memories change as we acquire new information? Recent research on memory distortion using implicit tests along with research using confidence is reviewed and new studies are presented. Two new studies asked misinformed subjects to provide reasons for their answers. In each study 15% to 27% of subjects said they remembered seeing items they had only read about. In another study subjects were asked to identify the source of misleading items they had seen in slides or read in misleading questions. Subjects were more likely to say they had seen in slides something they read about in the questions than they were to confuse information from two nearly identical sets of slides. Recent work shows that, not only is it possible to distort memory for events, it is possible to implant an entire memory for something that never happened. The evidence is now clear that we can become mentally tricked into making large as well as small changes in the way we recall the past. 相似文献
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Detecting a nonevent: Delayed presence-versus-absence discrimination in pigeons 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0 下载免费PDF全文
Eight pigeons were trained on a delayed presence-versus-absence discrimination paradigm in which a sample stimulus was presented on some trials but not on others. If a sample was presented, then a response to one choice key produced food. If no sample was presented, a response to the other choice key produced food. The basic finding was that performance remained constant and well above 50% correct on no-sample trials as the retention interval increased, whereas performance dropped precipitously (to below 50% correct) on sample trials. In the second phase of the experiment, all of the trials were no-sample trials, and reinforcers were delivered probabilistically for one group of pigeons and according to time-based schedules for the other group. The exact reinforcement probabilities used in Phase 2 were those calculated to be in effect on no-sample trials in Phase 1 (according to a discrete-state model of performance). Subjects did not show exclusive preference for the richer alternative on no-sample trials in the first phase, but those in the probabilistic group developed near-exclusive preference for the richer alternative during the second phase. These data are inconsistent with the predictions of the discrete-state model, but are easily accommodated by an account based on signal detection theory, which also can be applied effectively to discrimination of event duration and the “subjective shortening” effect. 相似文献