灾难给我们的心理留下了什么？ ——创伤心理的根源及创伤后应激反应的脑机制

创伤是指灾难性或创伤性事件给个体带来的伤害,不仅指身体受伤害,还包括心理伤害。创伤因素引发的强烈的情感反应和心理阴影会形成创伤心理,处理不当会进一步发展成创伤后应激障碍。本文主要从心理学的角度来探讨了创伤性事件引起的创伤心理及其形成的根源和创伤后应激反应的脑机制,最后根据心理学最新的相关研究结果提出干预建议,为有关部门的工作提供一定的参考     

联合常规细胞遗传学技术、多重巢式聚合酶链反应技术检测120例急性白血病患者遗传学异常

探讨如何提高急性白血病患者染色体／特异融合基因异常的检出率与准确率。联合常规细胞遗传学技术、多重巢式聚合酶链反应技术对120例急性白血病患者进行检测。结果表明：应用常规细胞遗传学检测出82例核型异常,占68．3％,而应用多重巢式聚合酶链反应技术检测出54例融合基因异常,占45％。联合这两种技术,120例急性白血病患者的遗传学异常检出率为：75％（90／120）,其中有65例明确了具体染色体改变或特异性融合基因异常。30例患者经常规细胞遗传学检测出具有t（8;21）（q22;q22）或t（15;17）（q22;q12）,多重巢式聚合酶链反应技术检测出39例患者具有AML1／ETO、PML／RARA或CBFB／MYH11融合基因异常。当存在染色体数目异常,或者不存在19种融合基因之一时多重巢式聚合酶链反应结果为阴性。提示常规细胞遗传学技术联合多重巢式聚合酶链反应技术可以有效地提高急性白血病患者染色体异常／特异性融合基因的检出率。     

Reduction of appeasement‐related affect as a concomitant of diazepam‐induced aggression: evidence for a link between aggression and the expression of self‐conscious emotions

Aggressive responding following benzodiazepine ingestion has been recorded in both experimental and client populations, however, the mechanism responsible for this outcome is unclear. The goal of this study was to identify an affective concomitant linked to diazepam‐induced aggression that might be responsible for this relationship. Thirty males (15 diazepam and 15 placebo) participated in the Taylor Aggression Paradigm while covertly being videotaped. The videotapes were analyzed using the Facial Action Coding System with the goal of identifying facial expression differences between the two groups. Relative to placebo participants, diazepam participants selected significantly higher shock settings for their opponents, consistent with past findings using this paradigm. Diazepam participants also engaged in significantly fewer appeasement expressions (associated with the self‐conscious emotions) during the task, although there were no group differences for other emotion expressions or for movements in general. Aggr. Behav. 35:203–212, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

体验活动对冲动性购买行为的影响:情感反应视角

冲动性购买在商场和超市的零售中占有相当的比例,本研究以旅游者和旅游购物为实证研究对象,在323份调查问卷的基础上,采用方差分析和回归分析的方法探讨了体验活动对冲动性购买行为的影响及其情感反应机制。结果表明：在激发消费者冲动性购买行为方面,顾客参与的效果最好,其次是顾客学习,再次是顾客娱乐;顾客参与会导致更多的快乐的情感反应,而快乐的情感反应对冲动性购买意愿的影响最为显著;顾客学习会导致更多的支配的情感反应,而支配的情感反应对冲动性购买意愿的影响较为显著。     

数量化维度特征搜索的影响因素探索

有关数量化维度特征搜索的研究表明 ,目标搜索斜率 (反应时间对呈现项目数量函数的斜率 )是由目标与干扰子之间的差异决定的 ,然而以往研究中其差异的值取决于具体的实验条件。根据韦伯定律 ,笔者推测 ,目标搜索斜率应由目标与干扰子之间的相对差异 (C)决定 ,C为目标值 (T)与干扰子值 (D)的差值与该干扰子值的比值。当C值对应相等时 ,不同几何形状刺激的目标搜索斜率应无差异。为此笔者分别采用圆 (实验一 )和三角形 (实验二 )进行实验研究。实验结果支持了上述假设 ,并发现目标大于干扰子时的目标搜索斜率对C值的函数是单调递减函数     

Implicit learning revealed by the method of opposition

Complex information, such as that required for motor skills, can be learned implicitly, without awareness. Much debate has centered on the appropriate methods for proving that implicit learning is not influenced by explicit awareness. A recent study by Destrebecqz and Cleeremans has provided compelling evidence for implicit sequence learning without awareness by using the ‘method of opposition’.     

God as Spirit—and Natural Science

The biblical sentence "God is Spirit" (John 4:24) occasioned the development of the Christian doctrine about God as Spirit. But since patristic times "spirit" was interpreted in the sense of Nus, which rather means "intellect." The biblical concept of spirit (pneuma), however, has its root meaning in referring to "air in movement," as in breath or storm. The similar concept of pneuma in Stoic philosophy has become the "immediate precursor" (Max Jammer) of the field concept in modern physics, so that the conclusion is suggested that God is spirit as something like a field of force rather than as intellect. This essay argues for such a conception by relating the divine eternity and immensity to the concepts of space and time, the basic requirements of any physical field. God's eternity and immensity are interpreted in terms of undivided infinite space (and time) which is presupposed in all concepts of parts of space or time (or space-time), therefore in all mathematical and physical measurement.     

Psychological aspects of scuba diving injuries: Suggestions for short-term treatment from a psychodynamic perspective

Dive medicine is described as an area of practice in which psychologists may choose to expand their clinical service and research activities. The author argues that most research studying risk behavior and sports take into account biological, behavioral or cognitive approaches, while ignoring unconscious conflict in risk-taking and injury management. The present paper uses a psychodynamically-oriented, interview-based approach to studying psychological reactions to decompression sickness in three experienced scuba divers. Brief interventions and their outcomes are described.     

Effects of time uncertainty and instructed muscle tension on fractionated reaction time

Abstract: An experiment was conducted to examine the effects of time uncertainty and instructed muscle tension on the reaction time of elbow flexion. Twenty-two right-handed subjects were asked to respond to an audio stimulus by flexing their right elbow under four conditions (2 time uncertainty × 2 instructed muscle tension). Electromyograms (EMGs) were recorded from the biceps and triceps on the subject's right side. Reaction time was divided into premotor time and motor time, based on the difference between the EMG and elbow flexion response. Analysis of reaction time showed that the effects of time uncertainty and instructed muscle tension were additive. Time uncertainty affected premotor time only, and instructed muscle tension affected motor time only. These results are discussed in terms of the assumption that premotor time is a reflection of the central nervous system and motor time is a reflection to the peripheral muscle system.     

信息加工的阶段及其年龄差异源

选择7—19岁的被试140名,对四种不同任务进行操作。结果表明,相同图形的空间调整过程速度除7岁年龄段以外,其余年龄段变化较小;不同图形调整过程速度、不同字母转换过程速度和不同字母的转换差异速度到了11岁以后,基本保持不变,而且,图形调整速度和字母转换速度基本相同;指数函数能较好地描述选择和反应过程速度随年龄增长而变化的特性,不能较好地描述字母转换过程速度随年龄增长而变化的特性,直线方程则不能很好地描述不同任务加工速度随年龄增长而变化的特性;最后,本研究对信息加工阶段及其年龄差异源进行了讨论。